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電改是一項(xiang)復雜(za)的(de)(de)系(xi)統工程(cheng)，涉及(ji)方方面(mian)面(mian)的(de)(de)利益(yi)。結(jie)合電改推進(jin)情況(kuang)及(ji)未來國家經(jing)濟發展需要，為(wei)(wei)順利推進(jin)電改，筆者(zhe)認為(wei)(wei)，社會需要對以(yi)下問(wen)(wen)題(ti)進(jin)行討論(lun)，形(xing)成共識。我們將以(yi)系(xi)列文章的(de)(de)形(xing)式對這些問(wen)(wen)題(ti)進(jin)行分析(xi)，希望引(yin)起關(guan)心電改朋(peng)友們的(de)(de)共鳴與反饋(kui)，希望對相關(guan)政(zheng)策制定(ding)提供“火(huo)花”。

1、如何確保電網工程投資的合理性？

電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)具有(you)自然壟斷(duan)屬(shu)性(xing)(xing)，每年僅僅電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)企業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資就超過5000億(yi)元(yuan)，是(shi)直接影響輸配電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)格的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)因素。有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)監(jian)管(guan)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資，提高(gao)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項目(mu)自身的(de)(de)(de)合理性(xing)(xing)和項目(mu)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資的(de)(de)(de)合理性(xing)(xing)，是(shi)降(jiang)低(di)社會電(dian)(dian)力(li)成(cheng)本的(de)(de)(de)關鍵之一。長期(qi)以(yi)來(lai)，電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資監(jian)管(guan)面臨一系列問題，包括：政(zheng)府對電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)規(gui)劃管(guan)理的(de)(de)(de)職(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)并未做實(shi)；電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)招投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)多是(shi)企業(ye)行(xing)為，政(zheng)府難(nan)以(yi)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)約(yue)束工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)；電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)運后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)(xiao)率常常達不(bu)到(dao)規(gui)劃設計目(mu)標(biao)；定價(jia)(jia)部門不(bu)了(le)解項目(mu)核準（或審批(pi)）情況，準許成(cheng)本認(ren)定困難(nan)等。當前，我國(guo)經濟(ji)發展轉型、政(zheng)府職(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)轉變，對電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資的(de)(de)(de)監(jian)管(guan)模(mo)式也應轉變。

2、如何做好電網管制類業務與市場化業務差異化監管？

這(zhe)個(ge)問題的(de)(de)實質是如何處理好(hao)具有壟(long)斷(duan)地(di)(di)位(wei)的(de)(de)電(dian)網(wang)企業(ye)的(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)用事業(ye)性(xing)與(yu)企業(ye)盈利性(xing)之間的(de)(de)關系。電(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)管制(zhi)(zhi)類業(ye)務(wu)與(yu)電(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)壟(long)斷(duan)地(di)(di)位(wei)和公(gong)(gong)用事業(ye)性(xing)緊密(mi)相關，其成(cheng)本(ben)需要(yao)通過成(cheng)本(ben)監審(shen)、政府(fu)定價，采(cai)取輸(shu)配電(dian)價的(de)(de)形式由用戶分(fen)攤回收，具有“強制(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)”；電(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)市場化業(ye)務(wu)，也就(jiu)是允許其他企業(ye)開展(zhan)的(de)(de)業(ye)務(wu)，需要(yao)一個(ge)公(gong)(gong)平、開放(fang)、透明的(de)(de)市場環(huan)境，電(dian)網(wang)企業(ye)投(tou)入這(zhe)部分(fen)的(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)是要(yao)自負盈虧(kui)。

我們不反對(dui)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)開(kai)(kai)展市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)化(hua)業(ye)(ye)務，但(dan)是(shi)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)開(kai)(kai)展市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)化(hua)業(ye)(ye)務需(xu)要(yao)滿足兩個條件(jian)：一是(shi)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)不應利(li)用其(qi)(qi)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)壟(long)斷(duan)地(di)位（對(dui)用戶壟(long)斷(duan)、對(dui)供(gong)電(dian)廊道(dao)/間隔的壟(long)斷(duan)、對(dui)用戶工(gong)程的影(ying)響等）為其(qi)(qi)他市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)主體進(jin)入其(qi)(qi)供(gong)電(dian)區域開(kai)(kai)展業(ye)(ye)務設置障礙；二是(shi)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)應將(jiang)開(kai)(kai)展市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)化(hua)業(ye)(ye)務的資源和成(cheng)本(ben)與監(jian)管(guan)業(ye)(ye)務嚴(yan)格區分，不能讓廣大用戶分攤這部分成(cheng)本(ben)。

3、如何實現電網央企與地方經濟協同發展？

這是(shi)(shi)一個(ge)電(dian)網(wang)“哲學問題”——發展(zhan)(zhan)電(dian)網(wang)到底為(wei)什(shen)么？電(dian)改(gai)初心到底是(shi)(shi)什(shen)么？2015年的(de)中發9號文提出了三百多字的(de)改(gai)革目(mu)(mu)(mu)標，條(tiao)理清晰(xi)，目(mu)(mu)(mu)標明確，歸納(na)起(qi)來就是(shi)(shi)：保(bao)障經濟(ji)(ji)社會高質(zhi)量發展(zhan)(zhan)。第一目(mu)(mu)(mu)標是(shi)(shi)保(bao)障國家電(dian)力安全、能源安全；第二(er)目(mu)(mu)(mu)標是(shi)(shi)保(bao)障地方經濟(ji)(ji)高質(zhi)量發展(zhan)(zhan)。電(dian)網(wang)央企(qi)在完成(cheng)第一目(mu)(mu)(mu)標方面(mian)表現得(de)可圈可點(dian)，但在完成(cheng)第二(er)目(mu)(mu)(mu)標方面(mian)卻差強人意，有些地方出現電(dian)網(wang)央企(qi)與地方政(zheng)府鬧得(de)很不(bu)愉(yu)快、甚至對立的(de)情況。加強電(dian)網(wang)央企(qi)與地方經濟(ji)(ji)發展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)協(xie)同性刻(ke)不(bu)容緩，這不(bu)僅是(shi)(shi)地方經濟(ji)(ji)發展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)需要，也是(shi)(shi)電(dian)網(wang)央企(qi)長遠發展(zhan)(zhan)需要。

4、如何全面理解和降低企業的電力成本？

降(jiang)低企業電(dian)(dian)力成(cheng)本(ben)對(dui)地方招商引(yin)資(zi)和實體經濟發展至關(guan)重(zhong)要。2019年10月發布的(de)《優化營商環境條例》第三章(zhang)第二十(shi)八條對(dui)供電(dian)(dian)價格、費用和服務提出了(le)明(ming)確要求；2020年中央經濟工作會(hui)議(yi)明(ming)確要求降(jiang)低企業用電(dian)(dian)成(cheng)本(ben)。降(jiang)低企業電(dian)(dian)力成(cheng)本(ben)是上述工作的(de)重(zhong)要出發點和落腳點。

需要(yao)形成(cheng)(cheng)對企業(ye)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力成(cheng)(cheng)本的社會共識。企業(ye)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力成(cheng)(cheng)本不僅僅是當期(qi)企業(ye)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)用(yong)支(zhi)出（即電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)發票(piao)體現的金額，基本電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)等），還包括(kuo)獲(huo)得電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力成(cheng)(cheng)本（主(zhu)要(yao)包括(kuo)用(yong)戶(hu)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和接網工程(cheng)相關投資等）和使用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力成(cheng)(cheng)本（主(zhu)要(yao)包括(kuo)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)施運行維護(hu)相關費(fei)用(yong)、用(yong)戶(hu)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網投資財務成(cheng)(cheng)本、預繳電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)財務成(cheng)(cheng)本等）。

降(jiang)低(di)(di)企業(ye)(ye)電力(li)(li)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)需(xu)要(yao)綜(zong)合施策，不應僅僅盯在(zai)降(jiang)低(di)(di)電費發(fa)票(piao)上的(de)金額。上述(shu)三(san)類電力(li)(li)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)性質不同，對企業(ye)(ye)經營和投融資能力(li)(li)影響(xiang)機制不同，需(xu)要(yao)的(de)對應政策措施和市場工具(ju)不同。降(jiang)低(di)(di)企業(ye)(ye)電力(li)(li)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)需(xu)要(yao)從體(ti)制機制創新(xin)、供(gong)給側和需(xu)求側協同發(fa)展、產融深度結合等多方面發(fa)力(li)(li)，結合各地實際(ji)提出綜(zong)合方案(an)和措施建(jian)議。

5、如何挖掘和發揮好萬億元規模的存量用戶側配電資產的價值？

鼓勵(li)民間資(zi)本投資(zi)，盤活(huo)社會(hui)存(cun)量資(zi)產，是應(ying)對我國經濟下行壓(ya)力，確保(bao)我國經濟穩中向好(hao)、長(chang)期向好(hao)的重(zhong)要舉措(cuo)。用戶(hu)側配電資(zi)產是一類潛在價值很高的沉淀資(zi)產。

用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)側(ce)配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)資(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)是指主要由地(di)方政(zheng)府、非(fei)傳統(tong)電(dian)網(wang)企(qi)業(ye)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)運營，主要分布在“用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)圍(wei)墻(qiang)”內，保障限定區域內企(qi)業(ye)群組用(yong)(yong)電(dian)的(de)(de)配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)資(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)。用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)側(ce)配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)資(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)主要以(yi)(yi)開發區配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)資(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)、大(da)(da)型(xing)工(gong)程項目的(de)(de)配(pei)(pei)(pei)套配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)資(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)、商業(ye)綜(zong)合體(ti)(ti)配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)資(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)等(deng)形(xing)式存(cun)在。根據2018年工(gong)信部運行局開展(zhan)的(de)(de)降低一般工(gong)商業(ye)電(dian)價10%調研所得數據測算，全國用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)側(ce)配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)資(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)規模(mo)(mo)超(chao)過八萬億元，初步估計各省的(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)側(ce)配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)資(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)規模(mo)(mo)超(chao)過兩(liang)千億元。用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)側(ce)配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)資(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)長期游離(li)于現有配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)網(wang)管理(li)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)之外，傳統(tong)電(dian)網(wang)企(qi)業(ye)“鞭長莫及(ji)”，這(zhe)一方面(mian)(mian)造(zao)成(cheng)了電(dian)改(gai)紅利和降電(dian)價成(cheng)果難(nan)以(yi)(yi)傳導到(dao)最終用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)，另(ling)一方面(mian)(mian)也造(zao)成(cheng)這(zhe)些資(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)本身質(zhi)量與(yu)標準(zhun)、所提供的(de)(de)服務(wu)得不到(dao)及(ji)時有效(xiao)的(de)(de)管理(li)與(yu)指導，影響了資(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)效(xiao)率與(yu)服務(wu)效(xiao)果，同(tong)時也造(zao)成(cheng)大(da)(da)量的(de)(de)社會(hui)資(zi)(zi)本投(tou)資(zi)(zi)沉淀(dian)，增加(jia)了地(di)方政(zheng)府和相(xiang)關企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)債務(wu)負(fu)擔(dan)。

因此，希望各地政府、資本方和戰略投資方能夠充分認識用戶側(ce)配電(dian)資產，采取城市配電(dian)資產管理公(gong)司(si)的模(mo)式(shi)，利用“資本+技(ji)術+服務”的理念挖掘(jue)其潛在(zai)價(jia)值。