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降低企業電力成本(ben)已成為國家推動(dong)實體經濟發展(zhan)的一項重要(yao)舉措，特別是在“大疫”之后，這項任務顯得(de)尤為重要(yao)。

2月(yue)，國(guo)家(jia)(jia)發(fa)展改(gai)革委發(fa)布(bu)《關于(yu)階段性(xing)降低企(qi)(qi)業(ye)用電(dian)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)支(zhi)持企(qi)(qi)業(ye)復(fu)工(gong)復(fu)產的(de)通知》，國(guo)家(jia)(jia)電(dian)網、南方電(dian)網公司先后公布(bu)了具體舉(ju)措，包括非高耗(hao)能大工(gong)業(ye)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)、一般工(gong)商業(ye)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)電(dian)費水(shui)平(ping)降低5%和實(shi)施(shi)支(zhi)持性(xing)兩部制電(dian)價政策(ce)等，總(zong)計優惠(hui)額度超590億(yi)元。我們在為國(guo)家(jia)(jia)政策(ce)和電(dian)網公司舉(ju)措點(dian)贊的(de)同時，非常有(you)必要對企(qi)(qi)業(ye)電(dian)力成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)有(you)一個全面理解和認識(shi)，推動形成(cheng)(cheng)降低企(qi)(qi)業(ye)電(dian)力成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)的(de)全社會共識(shi)。

1、已有研究基礎

楊世興在《降低工業企業用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)成(cheng)本(ben)調研后的(de)(de)思考》中指出，企業用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)成(cheng)本(ben)是消(xiao)耗(hao)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)所(suo)付(fu)出的(de)(de)各類固(gu)定(ding)成(cheng)本(ben)和(he)(he)(he)變(bian)動成(cheng)本(ben)的(de)(de)總和(he)(he)(he)，包括設(she)備(bei)投入、設(she)備(bei)折舊、設(she)備(bei)運(yun)維費(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)、用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)、功率(lv)因數考核(he)和(he)(he)(he)其(qi)他費(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)等。單位(wei)(wei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)成(cheng)本(ben)的(de)(de)高低，除了和(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)價水平有關，還與電(dian)(dian)力設(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)配(pei)置(zhi)、利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)率(lv)，生(sheng)產用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)方式，能(neng)源管(guan)理(li)效率(lv)等有重要關系，并指出電(dian)(dian)價和(he)(he)(he)單位(wei)(wei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)成(cheng)本(ben)兩者不(bu)能(neng)劃(hua)等號(hao)。

根據2018年(nian)3月重慶市能源局開展的“降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)工(gong)業(ye)園區企(qi)業(ye)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)”調研，工(gong)業(ye)園區148家企(qi)業(ye)的用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)在0.7~4.5元/千(qian)瓦時左右(you)。沈賢義、彭(peng)立斌(bin)在《降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)企(qi)業(ye)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)可行(xing)性措(cuo)施(shi)》中(zhong)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)分(fen)為(wei)三類：一是完全來自于(yu)公共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力基(ji)礎設(she)施(shi)的成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)（主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)：基(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)）；二是企(qi)業(ye)獲得電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)（主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)企(qi)業(ye)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力固定資產上的相關(guan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)與費(fei)用(yong)）；三是企(qi)業(ye)使(shi)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力的成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)運(yun)行(xing)維護相關(guan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)和財務成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)等。文章從發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)、政府、管理、金融(rong)等方面提出降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)企(qi)業(ye)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)的措(cuo)施(shi)。

2、對電力成本的深化認識

總結以上專(zhuan)家觀點，根據成(cheng)本性質和形式，筆(bi)者認為可以將(jiang)企業電力成(cheng)本進一步分(fen)為三類：

（1）第一類電力成本：用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)費（向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網公(gong)司(si)繳(jiao)納的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)費）這部分電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)成本是用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)在一個結算周期內在電(dian)(dian)(dian)費發(fa)票或結算單上(shang)直接(jie)體現的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)費支(zhi)出，是用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)與(yu)相關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網公(gong)司(si)按照確定的(de)結算方式和價格，根據用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級、負(fu)荷大小、用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量等因素(su)所(suo)支(zhi)付的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)費。

1）電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)構成(cheng)圖1給出(chu)了銷(xiao)售(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)構成(cheng)及(ji)成(cheng)本傳(chuan)導。銷(xiao)售(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)企業(ye)向用戶(hu)銷(xiao)售(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)，其組(zu)成(cheng)如下：銷(xiao)售(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)=購(gou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)+輸(shu)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)+政(zheng)府性基金及(ji)附加其中，購(gou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)是發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企業(ye)向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)企業(ye)或大用戶(hu)提(ti)(ti)供上(shang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量時的(de)結算電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，又稱上(shang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)購(gou)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)。輸(shu)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)企業(ye)在其經營范圍內為(wei)用戶(hu)提(ti)(ti)供輸(shu)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)服務的(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)（增(zeng)量配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)用戶(hu)的(de)輸(shu)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)由省級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)輸(shu)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)和增(zeng)量配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)組(zu)成(cheng)）。

當用戶(hu)最(zui)大用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)需求(qiu)量或受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)變壓器(qi)容量超過一(yi)定限(xian)值(zhi)時，其輸(shu)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)采用兩部(bu)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)（基本(ben)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)），否則(ze)，采用一(yi)部(bu)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)）。輸(shu)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網企業投資(zi)主(zhu)要的回收途徑，一(yi)般含有線(xian)損(sun)和交叉補貼。政府(fu)性基金及附加是(shi)(shi)向全(quan)體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力用戶(hu)分攤和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力行業發展相關外部(bu)成(cheng)本(ben)。

圖1：銷售電價(jia)構成(cheng)及成(cheng)本傳導關系(xi)

2）線(xian)(xian)(xian)損(sun)(sun)的(de)影響輸配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)損(sun)(sun)耗(hao)，是(shi)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)傳(chuan)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能過程中的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能量(liang)損(sun)(sun)失(shi)，可以理(li)解為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)購銷兩端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)差，通常在輸配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價表中體現為(wei)(wei)線(xian)(xian)(xian)損(sun)(sun)率(lv)。線(xian)(xian)(xian)損(sun)(sun)是(shi)有成(cheng)本的(de)，要由(you)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)分(fen)攤。通常配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)中的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能損(sun)(sun)耗(hao)占系統總損(sun)(sun)耗(hao)的(de)70%。造成(cheng)線(xian)(xian)(xian)損(sun)(sun)的(de)原因既與(yu)輸配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)拓撲結構(gou)、運(yun)行方式等有關，又(you)與(yu)管(guan)理(li)有關（如電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能表綜合誤差、抄表不同時(shi)、帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)絕緣不良(liang)、竊電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等）。供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)=用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)有效用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)/（1-線(xian)(xian)(xian)損(sun)(sun)率(lv)）用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)有效用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)是(shi)由(you)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)端用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)決定的(de)，用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)結算(suan)是(shi)按照包含線(xian)(xian)(xian)損(sun)(sun)的(de)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)繳費(fei)。

由公式(shi)可見，線損率(lv)高(gao)(gao)(gao)，用(yong)戶(hu)承擔的(de)(de)“無(wu)效能”電量，即線損電量越(yue)高(gao)(gao)(gao)，用(yong)戶(hu)的(de)(de)電費支出越(yue)高(gao)(gao)(gao)，電費負擔越(yue)重。輸配(pei)電價定價時，通(tong)常會結合(he)往年(nian)的(de)(de)情況，按照某一個(ge)定值（即定價線損率(lv)）考慮(lv)線損的(de)(de)影響。各地的(de)(de)定價線損率(lv)差異(yi)較大(da)。

圖2給出除西藏外(wai)各(ge)地定(ding)價(jia)線(xian)(xian)損(sun)率(lv)（數據來源：各(ge)地物價(jia)管(guan)理部門截至2019年(nian)(nian)7月的(de)電價(jia)表，未查到浙江、黑龍江的(de)定(ding)價(jia)線(xian)(xian)損(sun)率(lv)，陜西定(ding)價(jia)線(xian)(xian)損(sun)率(lv)采用的(de)國網陜西營業(ye)區數據）、2018年(nian)(nian)實(shi)際(ji)線(xian)(xian)損(sun)率(lv)（數據來源：國家能(neng)源局，《2018年(nian)(nian)度全國電力價(jia)格(ge)情況監管(guan)通報》）和兩者之(zhi)間的(de)比較（計算公式=2018年(nian)(nian)線(xian)(xian)損(sun)率(lv)/定(ding)價(jia)線(xian)(xian)損(sun)率(lv)-1）。定(ding)價(jia)線(xian)(xian)損(sun)率(lv)中，河南(nan)、湖南(nan)、蒙(meng)東最高，超(chao)過8%；青海、寧夏(xia)最低(di)，低(di)于4%。

按照1000億千瓦(wa)時(shi)的(de)用(yong)電量(liang)(liang)計(ji)算(suan)(suan)，河(he)南與寧夏定價線(xian)(xian)損(sun)(sun)率(lv)(lv)折(zhe)算(suan)(suan)的(de)線(xian)(xian)損(sun)(sun)電量(liang)(liang)相差(cha)40億千瓦(wa)時(shi)，對用(yong)戶而言是(shi)一(yi)筆龐大的(de)“低(di)(di)效”支出。從2018年實際情況看(kan)，除了貴(gui)州與河(he)北北部，其他地方(fang)實際線(xian)(xian)損(sun)(sun)率(lv)(lv)均(jun)低(di)(di)于定價線(xian)(xian)損(sun)(sun)率(lv)(lv)，占比(bi)94%，其中，寧夏、蒙(meng)西、蒙(meng)東、新(xin)疆、福(fu)建(jian)、深圳、上海、廣東降(jiang)低(di)(di)幅度超過20%，占比(bi)26%；降(jiang)低(di)(di)幅度超過10%的(de)地方(fang)占比(bi)52%。說(shuo)明(ming)絕大部分地方(fang)定價線(xian)(xian)損(sun)(sun)率(lv)(lv)偏高(gao)，還有較大的(de)降(jiang)低(di)(di)空(kong)間(jian)。

根(gen)據(ju)筆者調研(yan)的情況，配電(dian)網(wang)的線(xian)損(sun)管理一直是(shi)電(dian)網(wang)企業的重要工(gong)作和難點工(gong)作，有很(hen)大(da)(da)的改進和提升空間。同時(shi)，由于大(da)(da)量的用戶側配電(dian)資產長期游離于電(dian)力管理體制之外，也是(shi)造成線(xian)損(sun)大(da)(da)的重要原因。

3）基金(jin)和(he)附加、交(jiao)叉補(bu)貼(tie)客觀的(de)說，在2018、2019年兩(liang)輪的(de)降低一(yi)般工商(shang)業(ye)電(dian)價任務中，政府(fu)性基金(jin)和(he)附加從最初度(du)電(dian)平均7分錢左右降到現(xian)在的(de)4.4分錢左右，有效保障(zhang)了降電(dian)價任務的(de)完成，充(chong)分體(ti)現(xian)了以人民(min)為(wei)中心(xin)、讓利(li)于民(min)、讓利(li)于企的(de)施政導向。交(jiao)叉補(bu)貼(tie)包括三(san)類(lei)：工商(shang)業(ye)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)對居(ju)民(min)和(he)農業(ye)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)補(bu)貼(tie)、高電(dian)壓(ya)等價用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)對低電(dian)壓(ya)等級用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)補(bu)貼(tie)以、發(fa)達地(di)區用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)對欠發(fa)達地(di)區用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)補(bu)貼(tie)。

各地現在需要通(tong)過(guo)厘清(qing)交叉(cha)補貼規模及具體構成，由暗補轉為明補等方式，予以澄(cheng)清(qing)和(he)解決(jue)。例如，山東規定自(zi)備電廠企業繳納的政策性交叉(cha)補貼標準(zhun)為每千瓦時(shi)0.1016元（含稅）、吉林市0.15元。如按照此(ci)標準(zhun)推測，對實體企業而(er)言，交叉(cha)補貼占電價比(bi)例非常大，應該予以重視。

4）電(dian)費構成費是由(you)價(jia)與(yu)量(liang)決定(ding)的。對于企(qi)業用戶(hu)而言，其(qi)電(dian)費主要與(yu)電(dian)價(jia)、用電(dian)量(liang)、電(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)級、負荷大小或變壓(ya)器容量(liang)相(xiang)關。圖2給出了月結(jie)電(dian)費用戶(hu)的電(dian)費構成。用戶(hu)的實際電(dian)費還與(yu)其(qi)功率(lv)因數、高(gao)可靠性(xing)要求(qiu)等(deng)有關。

圖2：用戶電費構成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)方面(mian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)、基(ji)本(ben)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)、分時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)等(deng)諸多價(jia)格政策都會影響企(qi)業(ye)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)支(zhi)(zhi)出。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源側，購(gou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)與(yu)(yu)購(gou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量決定了購(gou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)；電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)側，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量決定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)，基(ji)本(ben)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)與(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)級、負荷(he)大小或(huo)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)容量決定基(ji)本(ben)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)和購(gou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)均與(yu)(yu)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量緊密相關，可以采取節能提效(xiao)，減(jian)少(shao)企(qi)業(ye)不必要的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能消耗(hao)，減(jian)少(shao)線損(sun)，開(kai)展(zhan)需(xu)求側響應(ying)、提高源網(wang)荷(he)協同性、減(jian)少(shao)負荷(he)高峰(feng)時段用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)措施(shi)，減(jian)少(shao)“低(di)效(xiao)”或(huo)“無(wu)效(xiao)”用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量，降低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)支(zhi)(zhi)出。在基(ji)本(ben)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)方面(mian)，用(yong)戶可以通過優化(hua)用(yong)戶負荷(he)特性，合理選(xuan)取按(an)照最大需(xu)量或(huo)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)容量的靈(ling)活繳費(fei)(fei)(fei)模式，提高變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)利用(yong)率等(deng)措施(shi)，降低(di)基(ji)本(ben)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)支(zhi)(zhi)出。

（2）第二類電力成本：電力(li)工程(cheng)相關(guan)成本(ben)主(zhu)要涉及企業(ye)(ye)在配(pei)電資(zi)(zi)產(chan)上的投資(zi)(zi)及相關(guan)成本(ben)和費用。通(tong)常，此部分(fen)成本(ben)費用轉化為(wei)用戶(hu)側配(pei)電工程(cheng)固定資(zi)(zi)產(chan)，以沉沒資(zi)(zi)產(chan)形態存在，在財務報表中體現為(wei)建(jian)設(she)期投資(zi)(zi)，不(bu)產(chan)生任何經營性價(jia)值，長期嚴重(zhong)擠占了企業(ye)(ye)原本(ben)能用于高價(jia)值的經營性資(zi)(zi)金(jin)，對(dui)企業(ye)(ye)的現金(jin)流(liu)和供應鏈、擴大(da)再生產(chan)都有重(zhong)要影響。

降低(di)用戶(hu)電力工程相關(guan)成本(ben)的(de)方(fang)法主要分為兩(liang)類：一是(shi)電網企業投資界面前移至企業“紅線”內(nei)；二是(shi)采取金融(rong)措施替代企業用戶(hu)的(de)高價(jia)值(zhi)經營性資金，措施主要包括用戶(hu)側配(pei)電資產(chan)的(de)融(rong)資租(zu)(zu)賃(lin)、售后回(hui)租(zu)(zu)、租(zu)(zu)賃(lin)結(jie)合信(xin)托或私募基金、供應鏈金融(rong)結(jie)合融(rong)資租(zu)(zu)賃(lin)等。

（3）第三類電力成本：運行維(wei)護(hu)及相關資(zi)金成本(ben)主(zhu)要涉及用戶運維(wei)配(pei)電資(zi)產(chan)時產(chan)生(sheng)的人工成本(ben)、材(cai)料費(fei)(fei)、檢修費(fei)(fei)、財務成本(ben)等(deng)。此部分(fen)成本(ben)主(zhu)要涉及配(pei)電資(zi)產(chan)投(tou)產(chan)后的運行維(wei)護(hu)成本(ben)、預交電費(fei)(fei)成本(ben)等(deng)。這部分(fen)成本(ben)也占用了企業(ye)(ye)大量高(gao)價值的企業(ye)(ye)經營(ying)資(zi)金，影響企業(ye)(ye)現金流和(he)短期償債能力。

降低企(qi)業(ye)電(dian)力運維(wei)及相關資金成本(ben)可(ke)主要采取以下兩類措(cuo)施：一是開(kai)展(zhan)采取市場化方式，將企(qi)業(ye)的電(dian)力運維(wei)和供電(dian)保障服務(wu)交(jiao)給(gei)專(zhuan)業(ye)公司；二(er)是采取金融工(gong)具(ju)解決預付(fu)電(dian)費對高價值(zhi)經營(ying)資金的占用。

總之，上述三類電(dian)力(li)(li)成(cheng)本性質不同(tong)，對企業(ye)經營(ying)和(he)投(tou)融資(zi)能力(li)(li)影(ying)響機制不同(tong)，因此(ci)，降低企業(ye)電(dian)力(li)(li)成(cheng)本，需要圍繞(rao)三類電(dian)力(li)(li)成(cheng)本從(cong)政策、市場、技術(shu)、管理和(he)金融等多方面發(fa)力(li)(li)，因地制宜，綜合施策。

3、降低企業電力成本措施矩陣

在參考楊(yang)世(shi)興(xing)、沈(shen)賢義等專家提(ti)出的降低(di)企(qi)業(ye)電(dian)力成(cheng)本(ben)措(cuo)施基(ji)礎上，結合我國實體(ti)經濟發展未來需求，提(ti)出以下降低(di)企(qi)業(ye)電(dian)力成(cheng)本(ben)措(cuo)施矩陣。

4、結論和建議

當前，我(wo)國很多地方(fang)在制度(du)和(he)實施降低(di)企業電力成本政策方(fang)面，都能結合自身的(de)資(zi)源特(te)(te)點(dian)、產(chan)業特(te)(te)點(dian)、電力市場特(te)(te)點(dian)和(he)體制機制特(te)(te)點(dian)，提出了很多很有效的(de)措施，特(te)(te)別是對于第一類電力成本效果明顯。

提出以下建議：

一是在降低(di)第一類電力成本（電費(fei)支出）方面，除了繼(ji)續重(zhong)視對包括折舊(jiu)費(fei)、運行維護費(fei)在內的定(ding)價成本的監審外，還應該重(zhong)視推動(dong)各(ge)地(di)電網(wang)企業提高線損(sun)管理(li)，促進用戶(hu)側配(pei)電資產標準化(hua)和管理(li)體(ti)系規范化(hua)建設(she)，降低(di)線損(sun)率。同時(shi)，盡快制定(ding)出臺交(jiao)叉補貼“明補”機制。

二(er)是(shi)在降(jiang)低(di)第(di)二(er)類(lei)、第(di)三(san)類(lei)電力(li)(li)成本(ben)方面(mian)，建議應更加突出市場力(li)(li)量(liang)的發揮(hui)，重視社會(hui)資本(ben)作用(yong)發揮(hui)和金融手段創新，通過產融深度結合，促(cu)進企業電力(li)(li)成本(ben)降(jiang)低(di)。

三是鼓勵各地(di)因地(di)制宜(yi)，結合本地(di)資源和產業用(yong)能情況，發(fa)展平價或低價可(ke)再生能源發(fa)電，優化電源結構，降低用(yong)戶電價。

四是(shi)鼓勵(li)和倡導采用高效(xiao)、節能(neng)技術和裝備(bei)，倒逼降低產業能(neng)耗，提(ti)高電能(neng)使用效(xiao)率。

五是各(ge)地(di)充分發揮(hui)電力市(shi)場(chang)作用，完善(shan)市(shi)場(chang)機制，豐(feng)富電力交易產(chan)品，圍繞降低交易成本、消除市(shi)場(chang)力、確(que)保(bao)價(jia)格穩定。

六是重(zhong)視利用(yong)區塊(kuai)鏈、大數據等(deng)技術，加強發電(dian)(dian)和電(dian)(dian)網企業(ye)營運成(cheng)本(ben)優化管理，包括(kuo)提高(gao)資產效(xiao)率、控制燃料成(cheng)本(ben)和儲運、降低線損(sun)、降低融資成(cheng)本(ben)等(deng)措施，進一步降低電(dian)(dian)力企業(ye)成(cheng)本(ben)，促進電(dian)(dian)力成(cheng)本(ben)降低。