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新型電力系統的顯著特征是新能源在電源結構中占據主導地位，而新能源具有隨機性、波動性、間歇性特點，導致系統調節資源需求大，系統大范圍和長周期電力電量平衡難度顯著加大，對電網安全構成嚴重威脅。與傳統電力系統相比，新型電力系統在持續可靠供電、電網安全穩定和生產經營等方面將面臨重大挑戰。儲能作為電網一種優質的靈活性調節資源，同時具有電源和負荷的雙重屬性，可以解決新能源出力快速波動問題，提供必要的系統慣量支撐，提高系統的可控性和靈活性。在新型電力系統下，儲能是支撐高比例可再生能源接入和消納的關鍵技術手段，在提升電力系統靈活性和保障電網安全穩定等方面具有獨特優勢。

一、儲能在新型電力系統中的定位

新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)賦予了儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)更為重要(yao)(yao)的(de)戰(zhan)略(lve)地位(wei)，使“源-網-荷-儲(chu)”成為新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)中不可或缺的(de)要(yao)(yao)素。建(jian)設以(yi)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源為主體(ti)的(de)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)，關鍵是(shi)提(ti)高系統(tong)(tong)(tong)靈活調節能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)，平抑新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源的(de)短(duan)時波動，提(ti)高較(jiao)長(chang)時段(duan)的(de)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)平衡能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)。儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)可進(jin)行(xing)大(da)規(gui)模(mo)容(rong)量(liang)充(chong)放電(dian)，能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)有效地滿(man)足新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源大(da)規(gui)模(mo)接入和用戶(hu)用能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)方式升級(ji)帶來的(de)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)平衡新(xin)(xin)需(xu)求(qiu)，支撐(cheng)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)長(chang)時間(jian)尺度電(dian)力(li)電(dian)量(liang)供需(xu)平衡，提(ti)高電(dian)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)安(an)全性。目前(qian)，儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)已在(zai)電(dian)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)發、輸、配、用等(deng)各個(ge)環節均(jun)發揮(hui)重要(yao)(yao)作用，具有廣(guang)泛的(de)應用前(qian)景(jing)。

隨(sui)著(zhu)我國“雙碳(tan)”目標(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)提(ti)出(chu)以及構(gou)建(jian)(jian)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統目標(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)確立(li)，儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)在整個電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)戰略地位(wei)和(he)(he)重要(yao)作用(yong)正在得(de)到進一(yi)步彰顯。南方電(dian)(dian)網(wang)公司在“十四五”電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)發展規(gui)劃提(ti)出(chu)，到2030年，電(dian)(dian)網(wang)具備支撐(cheng)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源再新(xin)(xin)增裝機(ji)1億(yi)千瓦以上(shang)的(de)(de)接入消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)納(na)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)，推(tui)動新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源成為南方區域第一(yi)大電(dian)(dian)源，非化石能(neng)(neng)(neng)源占(zhan)比達(da)到65%以上(shang)。新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源裝機(ji)的(de)(de)大規(gui)模快速提(ti)升，以及新(xin)(xin)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統能(neng)(neng)(neng)源結構(gou)變化，將使得(de)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)剛需(xu)屬性愈發增強。隨(sui)著(zhu)各(ge)省市新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源配(pei)置(zhi)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)政(zheng)策相繼(ji)落地，儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)逐漸(jian)成為新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源的(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)(biao)配(pei)或必配(pei)。這些政(zheng)策在推(tui)進建(jian)(jian)設(she)清潔能(neng)(neng)(neng)源消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)納(na)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市場(chang)機(ji)制、全面提(ti)升電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統調節能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)和(he)(he)著(zhu)力(li)(li)推(tui)動清潔能(neng)(neng)(neng)源消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)納(na)模式創新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)同(tong)時，進一(yi)步鼓(gu)勵推(tui)動儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)建(jian)(jian)設(she)和(he)(he)參與，加快系(xi)(xi)統能(neng)(neng)(neng)源結構(gou)優(you)化，推(tui)進能(neng)(neng)(neng)源利(li)用(yong)效率提(ti)升。可(ke)見(jian)，儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)已成為未來建(jian)(jian)設(she)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)關鍵支撐(cheng)手段(duan)。

二、儲能向多元化方向發展

儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)是未(wei)來新型電(dian)(dian)力系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要應用(yong)(yong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)，目前已開展(zhan)(zhan)研究(jiu)及應用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)類型眾多(duo)，其技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)特點及適用(yong)(yong)場景各(ge)異。按照能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)存儲(chu)(chu)(chu)方(fang)式(shi)，儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)主要分為(wei)電(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)（如(ru)鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池、鋰電(dian)(dian)池等(deng)）、電(dian)(dian)磁儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)（如(ru)超(chao)導電(dian)(dian)磁儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)容等(deng)）、物理(li)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)（如(ru)抽水蓄能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、壓縮(suo)空氣(qi)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、飛(fei)輪(lun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)）、熱儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)（如(ru)顯熱儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、潛熱儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)）等(deng)。目前全(quan)球(qiu)發展(zhan)(zhan)最(zui)成熟、裝機規模最(zui)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)是抽水蓄能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，電(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)緊隨其后。同時(shi)，以氫儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、儲(chu)(chu)(chu)熱/冷技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、電(dian)(dian)磁儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)和飛(fei)輪(lun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)為(wei)代表(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)新型儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)也在不斷(duan)進步。未(wei)來，儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)材料將朝著低成本、高儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)密度(du)、高循環穩定(ding)性、長(chang)周期(qi)存儲(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)趨(qu)勢(shi)發展(zhan)(zhan)；儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)裝備(bei)將從關注單(dan)體(ti)設備(bei)效率、成本，轉(zhuan)向(xiang)滿(man)足差異性需求的(de)(de)(de)(de)高品(pin)質供(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、儲(chu)(chu)(chu)用(yong)(yong)協調方(fang)向(xiang)；規模化(hua)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)將從單(dan)純供(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)向(xiang)兼(jian)顧電(dian)(dian)網(wang)輔助服務和綜(zong)合能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源服務的(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)元化(hua)用(yong)(yong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。

隨著國家(jia)相(xiang)關政策的出臺和體(ti)制機(ji)制的不(bu)斷完善，儲能(neng)產業也已(yi)呈(cheng)現(xian)出多元化、快速發展的良好態勢，并在商業化模式中展現(xian)更大應用價值。南方(fang)電(dian)(dian)網公司(si)通過(guo)試驗示范和實際運行(xing)進一步推動儲能(neng)技(ji)術進步，并使(shi)其在電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)削峰填(tian)谷、電(dian)(dian)壓補償、頻率調節、電(dian)(dian)能(neng)質(zhi)量治理等(deng)方(fang)面發揮(hui)更大作用，不(bu)斷滿足新(xin)型電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)安全穩定(ding)可靠需求。

三、儲能面臨的挑戰與應對建議

我國“雙(shuang)碳(tan)”目標(biao)的(de)(de)提出(chu)將(jiang)加(jia)快(kuai)推動可再生能源實(shi)現跨越式發展(zhan)，同時對(dui)儲(chu)能也給予(yu)了更高的(de)(de)預期。面(mian)(mian)對(dui)建設新型(xing)電力系統的(de)(de)迫切需求，儲(chu)能發展(zhan)所面(mian)(mian)臨的(de)(de)挑戰與(yu)機遇并存。

挑戰一：儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能參與電力(li)市(shi)(shi)場的身份不明確(que)。目(mu)前國(guo)家尚無對儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能設施從(cong)事電力(li)業務的具體規(gui)定，在實際工作中造(zao)成既要支持儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能發展又(you)無章可循的兩難境地。儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能的市(shi)(shi)場地位不明確(que)，直接導(dao)致(zhi)其在市(shi)(shi)場準入、計量、結算等方面衍生(sheng)出諸(zhu)多問題，影響了行(xing)業的快(kuai)速發展。

挑戰(zhan)二：儲(chu)能(neng)項(xiang)目(mu)建設(she)缺(que)乏(fa)必要的(de)標準(zhun)規(gui)范。儲(chu)能(neng)在電(dian)源側、電(dian)網側和用(yong)戶側的(de)應(ying)用(yong)場景不同，對儲(chu)能(neng)的(de)規(gui)模、技術、性能(neng)要求差(cha)異性較(jiao)大。儲(chu)能(neng)的(de)政策(ce)、法規(gui)和準(zhun)則與(yu)行業的(de)深度融合還欠(qian)缺(que)完善(shan)的(de)頂(ding)層設(she)計，在建設(she)運行當中(zhong)尚缺(que)乏(fa)體系化設(she)計，導致安全隱患(huan)較(jiao)大。

挑戰三：儲(chu)能(neng)參與電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)場的機制(zhi)尚(shang)不(bu)完善。盡管(guan)儲(chu)能(neng)設備、運行成本(ben)不(bu)斷下(xia)降，為儲(chu)能(neng)靠自身經濟(ji)性參與市(shi)場競爭創造了條件，但(dan)目前電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)場中的調度、交易(yi)、結(jie)算(suan)等機制(zhi)還難以與儲(chu)能(neng)應用(yong)全面(mian)匹配，儲(chu)能(neng)在建設新(xin)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統中的作用(yong)也沒有(you)被充(chong)分認識。

盡管儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)過程面臨的(de)挑(tiao)戰不少，但國家(jia)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)改(gai)革委(wei)、國家(jia)能(neng)源局《關于加(jia)快推動新型儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)指(zhi)導意(yi)見(jian)》的(de)發(fa)(fa)布，為儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)從商業(ye)(ye)化初期(qi)向規模化發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)定(ding)下基調，儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)業(ye)(ye)務發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)將獲得良好機遇。

應對一：提升儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)。隨著電(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)化改(gai)革深入，儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)發展獲得(de)了政策(ce)空(kong)間，也獲得(de)了參與市(shi)(shi)場(chang)的入場(chang)券。南(nan)方(fang)電(dian)(dian)網公司將依托儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)業務(wu)(wu)提升新(xin)(xin)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)，研究組建(jian)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)建(jian)設的儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)業務(wu)(wu)機構，充實完善(shan)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)相關業務(wu)(wu)。

應(ying)對二(er)：制(zhi)定完(wan)善(shan)新(xin)型儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)配置(zhi)系列標準(zhun)。“十(shi)四(si)五(wu)”期間(jian)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)發(fa)展提速，南方(fang)電網公司將加快編(bian)制(zhi)南方(fang)區域(yu)新(xin)型儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)規(gui)劃，推動按照新(xin)增新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)的20%配置(zhi)新(xin)型儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)，明確各地區規(gui)模及項目(mu)布局，“十(shi)四(si)五(wu)”和“十(shi)五(wu)五(wu)”期間(jian)分別投產2000萬千瓦新(xin)型儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)。

應對三：深化儲(chu)能電(dian)力輔助(zhu)(zhu)服務市場(chang)建(jian)設。容量電(dian)價機(ji)制為儲(chu)能參與電(dian)力市場(chang)提供了可能，南(nan)方電(dian)網公司將通過深化電(dian)力輔助(zhu)(zhu)服務市場(chang)建(jian)設，完善調(diao)頻、調(diao)峰、備用等(deng)市場(chang)品(pin)種，制定(ding)適應抽水(shui)蓄能、新型儲(chu)能等(deng)新興市場(chang)主體參與的交易(yi)機(ji)制，有效疏(shu)導系統(tong)，調(diao)節(jie)資源成本(ben)。

四、結語

隨著儲能技(ji)術(shu)不斷進(jin)步(bu)、商業(ye)化模(mo)式日趨成熟以及市(shi)場機(ji)制逐步(bu)完善(shan)，儲能行業(ye)必將得(de)到(dao)空前規模(mo)化發(fa)展(zhan)。南方(fang)電網(wang)公司將牢牢把握構建新型電力系統的重大(da)機(ji)遇，推動儲能業(ye)務發(fa)展(zhan)和技(ji)術(shu)進(jin)步(bu)，助力國家碳達峰、碳中和目(mu)標順利實現。

注：作者陳衛東，供職于南方電網廣西電力科學研究院。