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“光熱(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)具備大容量低成(cheng)本(ben)的儲能(neng)特(te)性，單位(wei)熱(re)(re)(re)能(neng)存(cun)(cun)儲成(cheng)本(ben)80～100元(yuan)/kWh，按汽輪機(ji)平均熱(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效率(lv)折算到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，大致相當于存(cun)(cun)儲一度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)本(ben)250元(yuan)。同時光熱(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)依(yi)靠汽輪機(ji)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)提供轉動慣量。利用熔(rong)鹽儲能(neng)，將棄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)存(cun)(cun)儲于高(gao)(gao)溫熔(rong)鹽，新(xin)能(neng)源出力不足時，借助存(cun)(cun)量高(gao)(gao)效燃煤機(ji)組發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，提高(gao)(gao)新(xin)能(neng)源消納。”在9月(yue)27～28日，由國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家太陽能(neng)光熱(re)(re)(re)產業技術創新(xin)戰(zhan)略聯盟、中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)熱(re)(re)(re)物(wu)理學(xue)會(hui)、中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)可再生能(neng)源學(xue)會(hui)、中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)學(xue)會(hui)、全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)太陽能(neng)光熱(re)(re)(re)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)標準化技術委員(yuan)會(hui)共同主辦的“2021中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)太陽能(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)大會(hui)”上，中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)西北電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力設計(ji)院新(xin)能(neng)源與(yu)市政(zheng)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)院總工(gong)(gong)、技術開發部主任趙曉輝(hui)博(bo)士在報告中(zhong)如是表示(shi)。

在題為(wei)“儲(chu)能型(xing)太陽能熱發電(dian)在新(xin)能源基地中的(de)價值”的(de)大(da)會報告中，趙(zhao)曉輝博士(shi)對(dui)包括電(dian)池(chi)儲(chu)能、抽(chou)水蓄(xu)能、壓(ya)縮空氣儲(chu)能、卡(ka)諾(nuo)電(dian)池(chi)（熔鹽(yan)電(dian)加熱器）等幾(ji)種大(da)容(rong)量(liang)儲(chu)能技術(shu)進(jin)(jin)行了對(dui)比，同(tong)時對(dui)“光熱儲(chu)能+”案例進(jin)(jin)行了分析。經他本人同(tong)意(yi)，主要(yao)發言內容(rong)整理如下，以供(gong)業界參考。

一、構建新型電力系統的背景

構(gou)建安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)可靠的電(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統是以國家(jia)政策為(wei)導向(xiang)，融合電(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統規劃，由不同新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)、傳統發(fa)電(dian)、儲能(neng)等深度(du)配合，以此保障電(dian)網安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)穩定運行，并(bing)提(ti)高新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)消納比例。

2021年(nian)2月25日，國(guo)家發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)改革(ge)委、國(guo)家能源(yuan)局研究發(fa)(fa)(fa)布了(le)《關(guan)于推(tui)進電力源(yuan)網荷儲一體(ti)(ti)化和多(duo)能互(hu)補發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)指導意見》，意見提出(chu)：優先(xian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)新能源(yuan)，穩妥(tuo)推(tui)進增(zeng)量(liang)“風(feng)光水（儲）一體(ti)(ti)化”，探索增(zeng)量(liang)“風(feng)光儲一體(ti)(ti)化”。

結合(he)“意(yi)見”相關要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)提(ti)到如下幾(ji)個(ge)方面，第一(yi)(yi)、優先新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)的(de)(de)開(kai)發，這(zhe)個(ge)毋庸置疑，這(zhe)是“3060”目(mu)標(biao)下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力行業的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)長(chang)期的(de)(de)話(hua)題，不僅如此，要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)部(bu)分跨區(qu)域送(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通道的(de)(de)年輸送(song)新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)占比(bi)不低于(yu)50%。第二、加強一(yi)(yi)體化項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)自身調節能(neng)(neng)力，即通過配置靈(ling)活性(xing)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)及儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)型的(de)(de)廠站(zhan)，包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)、抽水蓄能(neng)(neng)以(yi)及大容量(liang)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)光熱(re)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，以(yi)提(ti)高系(xi)統(tong)平衡(heng)能(neng)(neng)力，減輕送(song)、受端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)調峰壓力。最后兩(liang)點需要(yao)(yao)注(zhu)意(yi)的(de)(de)就(jiu)是經(jing)濟性(xing)和安(an)全(quan)可(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)的(de)(de)問題。一(yi)(yi)體化項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)經(jing)濟性(xing)，目(mu)前(qian)還主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是參(can)照項(xiang)目(mu)所在地(di)的(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)于(yu)燃(ran)煤機(ji)(ji)組的(de)(de)上網(wang)基(ji)(ji)準電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)，基(ji)(ji)準價(jia)就(jiu)是之前(qian)說的(de)(de)標(biao)桿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)；2019年國家發改(gai)委把燃(ran)煤機(ji)(ji)組并網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)機(ji)(ji)制改(gai)為“基(ji)(ji)準價(jia)加上下浮動價(jia)”。那(nei)么(me)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)型的(de)(de)新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)基(ji)(ji)地(di)，綜合(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)在部(bu)分場合(he)往往比(bi)較難實(shi)現既(ji)綠色清潔、又(you)安(an)全(quan)可(ke)靠(kao)，還要(yao)(yao)便宜的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)。這(zhe)里就(jiu)不展開(kai)討論這(zhe)個(ge)經(jing)濟性(xing)問題。重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)點就(jiu)是安(an)全(quan)可(ke)靠(kao)的(de)(de)原(yuan)則，安(an)全(quan)和可(ke)靠(kao)兩(liang)個(ge)要(yao)(yao)素都(dou)很(hen)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)。

舉(ju)個例(li)子，強調(diao)一(yi)下安全(quan)可靠性的(de)(de)問(wen)題。根(gen)據(ju)(ju)公(gong)開資料(liao)，2019年冬季(ji)(ji)(ji)以(yi)(yi)來(lai)(lai)受極寒天氣影響(xiang)，全(quan)國(guo)(guo)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)荷超夏季(ji)(ji)(ji)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)峰(feng)(feng)，創(chuang)歷史新(xin)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)。去年12月14日(ri)(ri)、16日(ri)(ri)、30日(ri)(ri)和今(jin)年1月7日(ri)(ri)，全(quan)國(guo)(guo)最高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)調(diao)度負(fu)荷連續4次創(chuang)出(chu)(chu)歷史新(xin)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)，特別(bie)是(shi)今(jin)年1月7日(ri)(ri)晚高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)峰(feng)(feng)負(fu)荷達到了(le)(le)(le)11.89億(yi)(yi)千瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)、日(ri)(ri)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)約(yue)260億(yi)(yi)千瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)時，11.89億(yi)(yi)千瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)的(de)(de)負(fu)荷比(bi)2020年夏季(ji)(ji)(ji)峰(feng)(feng)值增長(chang)了(le)(le)(le)10%以(yi)(yi)上(shang)，所以(yi)(yi)應(ying)(ying)對起來(lai)(lai)難度非常(chang)大(da)(da)。根(gen)據(ju)(ju)去年年底數(shu)據(ju)(ju)顯示，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)總(zong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)是(shi)20多(duo)億(yi)(yi)千瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)，那么負(fu)荷需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)1月7日(ri)(ri)最大(da)(da)近(jin)12億(yi)(yi)千瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)，保障起來(lai)(lai)應(ying)(ying)該(gai)沒(mei)問(wen)題呀？因為負(fu)荷高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)峰(feng)(feng)出(chu)(chu)現在晚上(shang)，所以(yi)(yi)光(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)基本上(shang)都沒(mei)有(you)出(chu)(chu)力(li)(li)，當日(ri)(ri)全(quan)國(guo)(guo)大(da)(da)面積沒(mei)風(feng)，所以(yi)(yi)風(feng)力(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)出(chu)(chu)力(li)(li)只(zhi)有(you)10%左右，這樣算來(lai)(lai)，全(quan)國(guo)(guo)5.3億(yi)(yi)千瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和光(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)總(zong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)有(you)5億(yi)(yi)千瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)沒(mei)有(you)出(chu)(chu)上(shang)力(li)(li)；其(qi)他可再生能(neng)源(yuan)，如水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)3.7億(yi)(yi)千瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)，冬季(ji)(ji)(ji)又趕上(shang)枯水(shui)期，在高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)峰(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)時候也有(you)2億(yi)(yi)多(duo)沒(mei)有(you)出(chu)(chu)上(shang)力(li)(li)；我(wo)國(guo)(guo)天然氣發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)有(you)將(jiang)近(jin)1億(yi)(yi)千瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)，冬季(ji)(ji)(ji)也是(shi)天然氣的(de)(de)用(yong)氣高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)峰(feng)(feng)，有(you)一(yi)半左右沒(mei)有(you)出(chu)(chu)上(shang)力(li)(li)。后來(lai)(lai)在部分少(shao)數(shu)地區拉閘限(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后，保障了(le)(le)(le)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)能(neng)源(yuan)的(de)(de)平穩(wen)有(you)序運行，保障了(le)(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)平穩(wen)有(you)序供應(ying)(ying)，特別(bie)是(shi)民(min)生用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)得(de)到了(le)(le)(le)保障，這個可能(neng)也要歸功我(wo)們(men)國(guo)(guo)家以(yi)(yi)及國(guo)(guo)企制度的(de)(de)優越(yue)性，沒(mei)有(you)出(chu)(chu)現嚴重的(de)(de)問(wen)題。盡管如此，這類問(wen)題反映出(chu)(chu)一(yi)個客觀的(de)(de)需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)——隨著以(yi)(yi)光(guang)(guang)伏、風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為主的(de)(de)傳統新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)滲(shen)漏率(lv)的(de)(de)進一(yi)步提升，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統對儲能(neng)型可調(diao)峰(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)日(ri)(ri)益緊迫。

二、電力多能互補的意義

參考(kao)左下圖(tu)，新能(neng)源的滲(shen)透率是從下到(dao)上依次提(ti)高。

第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)階段新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)并網消納沒(mei)有大(da)的(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)，第(di)二階段主要(yao)(yao)發揮現有的(de)(de)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)常規(gui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)以及(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)靈活性(xing)。但(dan)隨(sui)著新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)裝(zhuang)機的(de)(de)進(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)步增(zeng)大(da)，便需(xu)要(yao)(yao)充分發揮電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)側(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網側(ce)以及(ji)負荷(he)端各環節(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)靈活調節(jie)(jie)，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)提出了(le)較高(gao)要(yao)(yao)求。隨(sui)著新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)占(zhan)(zhan)比進(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)步增(zeng)大(da)，新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量占(zhan)(zhan)主要(yao)(yao)份(fen)額，但(dan)這里(li)面(mian)很難有一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)量化(hua)的(de)(de)分界(jie)線數(shu)據(ju)。典型的(de)(de)如(ru)北歐一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)國家。大(da)致(zhi)可以認為(wei)我國處于(yu)第(di)二、第(di)三階段之間，那么(me)(me)與之匹配的(de)(de)調節(jie)(jie)手段包括(kuo)左(zuo)側(ce)PPT顯(xian)示的(de)(de)，諸如(ru)風光水(shui)火儲(chu)(chu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)體化(hua)、大(da)規(gui)模(mo)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、超高(gao)壓柔性(xing)直流等(deng)。這里(li)是(shi)指電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)多(duo)(duo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)互補(bu)，當然碳(tan)達(da)峰的(de)(de)大(da)背(bei)景下(xia)，涉(she)及(ji)到減(jian)排(pai)雙控的(de)(de)用(yong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)形式不(bu)局限于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，還包括(kuo)熱(re)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)消耗(hao)，如(ru)石油化(hua)工等(deng)行業的(de)(de)綠色工業升級背(bei)景下(xia)，對不(bu)同(tong)品位的(de)(de)熱(re)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)需(xu)求也很大(da)。這里(li)不(bu)展開。那么(me)(me)目(mu)前擺在我們面(mian)前的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)問(wen)題(ti)就是(shi)如(ru)何科學的(de)(de)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)側(ce)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網側(ce)以及(ji)負荷(he)側(ce)等(deng)不(bu)同(tong)環節(jie)(jie)實施大(da)規(gui)模(mo)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)。通俗的(de)(de)講(jiang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)多(duo)(duo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)互補(bu)主要(yao)(yao)是(shi)怎么(me)(me)補(bu)，除了(le)類似火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)這種調節(jie)(jie)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)，關(guan)鍵的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)要(yao)(yao)素就是(shi)“儲(chu)(chu)”——即儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。

三、電力多能互補基地的儲能技術

1、新能源電站對(dui)儲能需求迫切

第三部(bu)分，即引申到“電力多能(neng)(neng)互補基地(di)的(de)(de)儲能(neng)(neng)技術(shu)”。電力多能(neng)(neng)互補是深度(du)探索風光熱儲多組態(tai)、多功能(neng)(neng)、可調(diao)節(jie)、可調(diao)度(du)的(de)(de)融合(he)發電的(de)(de)新模式。前面也提到了新能(neng)(neng)源電站對儲能(neng)(neng)需求迫(po)切，幾個省區(qu)包括山西大同、寧(ning)夏(xia)、甘肅等出臺的(de)(de)關于新能(neng)(neng)源發電項目要求配套建(jian)設儲能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)要求。

今(jin)年8月(yue)10日(ri)，國家發(fa)(fa)改委、國家能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)局(ju)印發(fa)(fa)《關(guan)于(yu)鼓(gu)勵可(ke)(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)自(zi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)或(huo)購(gou)買調峰(feng)(feng)(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)并(bing)網(wang)規模的通知》（發(fa)(fa)改運行〔2021〕1138號）指出，為引導市(shi)場主(zhu)體(ti)多(duo)(duo)渠(qu)(qu)道增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)可(ke)(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)并(bing)網(wang)規模，鼓(gu)勵多(duo)(duo)渠(qu)(qu)道增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)可(ke)(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)并(bing)網(wang)消納能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力、鼓(gu)勵發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)自(zi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)或(huo)調峰(feng)(feng)(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)并(bing)網(wang)規模、允(yun)許發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)購(gou)買儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)或(huo)調峰(feng)(feng)(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)并(bing)網(wang)規模、鼓(gu)勵多(duo)(duo)渠(qu)(qu)道增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)調峰(feng)(feng)(feng)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)。其中對(dui)于(yu)自(zi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)調峰(feng)(feng)(feng)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)方(fang)式(shi)掛(gua)鉤比(bi)例(li)(li)要求是，自(zi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)調峰(feng)(feng)(feng)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)指發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)按全資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)比(bi)例(li)(li)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設抽水蓄能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、化(hua)學(xue)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站、氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站或(huo)開展煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)靈活性改造。為鼓(gu)勵發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)市(shi)場化(hua)參(can)與調峰(feng)(feng)(feng)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設，超過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)保障性并(bing)網(wang)以(yi)外的規模初(chu)期按照功率15%的掛(gua)鉤比(bi)例(li)(li)（時(shi)長4小時(shi)以(yi)上，下同）配(pei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)調峰(feng)(feng)(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力，按照20%以(yi)上掛(gua)鉤比(bi)例(li)(li)進行配(pei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的優先并(bing)網(wang)。

因(yin)此，落(luo)實到大容(rong)量(liang)(liang)儲能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)光熱(re)電(dian)站上，發展大容(rong)量(liang)(liang)儲能(neng)(neng)型(xing)光熱(re)電(dian)站定位應(ying)該是具備儲能(neng)(neng)功能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)調節型(xing)太陽能(neng)(neng)電(dian)站。該類方案的(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟性在部分光照(zhao)資源好的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)區或能(neng)(neng)好于目前光伏加電(dian)池儲能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)站。

2、電池儲能

我(wo)們簡(jian)單地(di)橫(heng)向分析一下(xia)目前(qian)主(zhu)要的儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)形式，在我(wo)看來(lai)(lai)，目前(qian)能(neng)(neng)夠扮演主(zhu)要角(jiao)色的儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)包括電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)、壓縮(suo)空氣儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)和大容量儲(chu)熱的光熱電(dian)站。就當(dang)前(qian)來(lai)(lai)說，是以磷酸鐵(tie)鋰為(wei)主(zhu)的技(ji)(ji)術成熟(shu)型電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)；或許在近一段時間內，鈉離子(zi)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)可以突破相關技(ji)(ji)術及成本制(zhi)約，在接下(xia)來(lai)(lai)的近幾年內扮演重要角(jiao)色；而以鐵(tie)鉻液流(liu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、全(quan)釩液流(liu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)等為(wei)代表的儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，可能(neng)(neng)近期內還(huan)不具有商業競爭力(li)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站建(jian)設簡單快捷，可(ke)(ke)以在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源側、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網側和(he)用(yong)戶側建(jian)設，但成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)還是較高。以青海兩座運行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)共享(xiang)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站為(wei)例，下圖所示，分別為(wei)魯(lu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)海西(xi)多能(neng)(neng)(neng)互補集成(cheng)(cheng)優化示范工程和(he)上(shang)海電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣格爾木美滿閔行(xing)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站。據有關(guan)信息(xi)顯(xian)示，這(zhe)兩座共享(xiang)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)1度(du)可(ke)(ke)以拿到(dao)0.7元的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)。考(kao)慮到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站本(ben)身并不能(neng)(neng)(neng)像光伏、光熱(re)或(huo)者風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)樣發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，需要充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)進(jin)去，這(zhe)個環節有一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)效率(lv)損失。如果按一(yi)天一(yi)個循環，扣(kou)除自身耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)外的(de)(de)(de)效率(lv)（大(da)概(gai)0.82～0.85元）因素，需要充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)1.2度(du)～1.17度(du)，那要算(suan)上(shang)生產這(zhe)些(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)，以基準電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)0.2277計算(suan)，加上(shang)前(qian)面說的(de)(de)(de)0.7元，相(xiang)當(dang)于(yu)一(yi)度(du)可(ke)(ke)以調節的(de)(de)(de)新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源，社(she)會(hui)支付成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)大(da)概(gai)是0.96元以上(shang)。當(dang)然(ran)實際的(de)(de)(de)交易電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)小于(yu)0.2277，也就是購電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)如何(he)考(kao)慮的(de)(de)(de)問題。無(wu)論如何(he)，這(zhe)種可(ke)(ke)調節的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)還是比較高的(de)(de)(de)。

3、抽水蓄能

抽(chou)(chou)(chou)(chou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)蓄(xu)能(neng)成(cheng)本(ben)如(ru)何呢？國家非常重視抽(chou)(chou)(chou)(chou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)蓄(xu)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設，今年啟動了一批抽(chou)(chou)(chou)(chou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)蓄(xu)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設，在建(jian)的(de)(de)(de)抽(chou)(chou)(chou)(chou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)蓄(xu)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)已(yi)經遠超在運行的(de)(de)(de)抽(chou)(chou)(chou)(chou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)蓄(xu)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)。4月(yue)30日，國家發(fa)展改革委(wei)出(chu)臺了《關于進一步(bu)完善抽(chou)(chou)(chou)(chou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)蓄(xu)能(neng)價(jia)(jia)格形(xing)成(cheng)機制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)意見》，以及近期國家發(fa)展改革委(wei)下(xia)發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)《關于完善抽(chou)(chou)(chou)(chou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)蓄(xu)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)價(jia)(jia)格形(xing)成(cheng)機制(zhi)(zhi)有關問題的(de)(de)(de)通(tong)知》。《通(tong)知》明(ming)確，在形(xing)成(cheng)競爭性(xing)電(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場以前，對抽(chou)(chou)(chou)(chou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)蓄(xu)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)實(shi)行兩部制(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)。據(ju)公(gong)開(kai)資(zi)料顯示，2000年建(jian)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)浙江(jiang)天荒坪抽(chou)(chou)(chou)(chou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)蓄(xu)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，享受470元(yuan)/年?kW的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)，2019年江(jiang)蘇省發(fa)改委(wei)明(ming)確江(jiang)蘇國信溧陽抽(chou)(chou)(chou)(chou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)蓄(xu)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)為618元(yuan)/年?kW容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)。電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)按(an)(an)照合理(li)(li)成(cheng)本(ben)加(jia)準(zhun)(zhun)許(xu)收益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)原則(ze)核定。其(qi)中，容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)彌補(bu)固定成(cheng)本(ben)及準(zhun)(zhun)許(xu)收益(yi)，并按(an)(an)無風(feng)險收益(yi)率（長期國債利率）加(jia)1～3個(ge)百(bai)分點的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)險收益(yi)率確定收益(yi)，電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)彌補(bu)抽(chou)(chou)(chou)(chou)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)損耗(hao)等變動成(cheng)本(ben)。做個(ge)簡單(dan)計算，按(an)(an)照這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)補(bu)償(chang)（先(xian)不說如(ru)何落實(shi)，或者(zhe)落實(shi)到什(shen)么地(di)步(bu)），按(an)(an)照100MW簡單(dan)對比(bi)，折現25年的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)補(bu)貼(tie)，分攤(tan)到初(chu)投(tou)資(zi)，單(dan)位(wei)kW總投(tou)資(zi)增加(jia)6000～9000元(yuan)，再加(jia)上建(jian)設成(cheng)本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)千萬投(tou)資(zi)，按(an)(an)6000元(yuan)，相(xiang)當(dang)于單(dan)位(wei)kW投(tou)資(zi)1.5萬元(yuan)。當(dang)然你從投(tou)資(zi)方角度理(li)(li)解容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)是(shi)補(bu)貼(tie)，但是(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)補(bu)貼(tie)是(shi)國家電(dian)(dian)網給(gei)還是(shi)地(di)方政府給(gei)，無論什(shen)么形(xing)式，他都是(shi)社會(hui)承擔的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)。這(zhe)(zhe)樣看，電(dian)(dian)池儲能(neng)也(ye)好(hao)，抽(chou)(chou)(chou)(chou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)蓄(xu)能(neng)也(ye)好(hao)，提供(gong)1度可調度的(de)(de)(de)清(qing)潔電(dian)(dian)力，成(cheng)本(ben)都不低。

4、壓縮空氣儲能

上面這張(zhang)PPT介紹(shao)了傳統(tong)(tong)壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)(suo)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)的(de)(de)幾種形式。傳統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)(suo)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)基于(yu)燃(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)輪機(ji)技(ji)術開發的(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)。在用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)低(di)谷，將空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)(suo)并(bing)(bing)存(cun)于(yu)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)室中，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉化(hua)為空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)內能(neng)存(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)起來；在用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)高(gao)峰，高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)從儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)室釋放(fang)，進入(ru)燃(ran)(ran)燒室同(tong)燃(ran)(ran)料一(yi)起燃(ran)(ran)燒，然(ran)(ran)后驅動(dong)透(tou)平發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。三(san)四(si)十年前已得到了商(shang)業應用(yong)(yong)(yong)。雖然(ran)(ran)在全球范圍內有多(duo)個壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)(suo)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)的(de)(de)試點項(xiang)目(mu)在進行，當前壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)(suo)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)的(de)(de)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)得到商(shang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)并(bing)(bing)不(bu)(bu)多(duo)，典型(xing)的(de)(de)如(ru)位于(yu)德國(guo)的(de)(de)321MW的(de)(de)Huntorf電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠和(he)美國(guo)阿拉巴馬(ma)州(zhou)110MW的(de)(de)McIntosh設施。前者是壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)(suo)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)第一(yi)座也是目(mu)前最大的(de)(de)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)(suo)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)存(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)，1978年投(tou)運。存(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)(suo)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)總空(kong)(kong)間為30萬m3，位于(yu)地下600到800米(mi)，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力負荷需求高(gao)峰，壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)(suo)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)引出(chu)與(yu)天然(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)在燃(ran)(ran)機(ji)中燃(ran)(ran)燒發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，燃(ran)(ran)機(ji)在6分鐘內能(neng)夠達到321MW的(de)(de)滿出(chu)力，其排放(fang)量僅(jin)是同(tong)容(rong)量燃(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)輪機(ji)機(ji)組的(de)(de)三(san)分之一(yi)。傳統(tong)(tong)壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)(suo)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)存(cun)在三(san)個主要技(ji)術瓶頸，一(yi)是依賴(lai)天然(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)；二是需要依賴(lai)大型(xing)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)洞(dong)穴(xue)等；三(san)是系(xi)統(tong)(tong)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)較(jiao)低(di)，Huntorf和(he)McIntosh電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)分別為42%和(he)54%，當然(ran)(ran)其他條件(jian)較(jiao)好時(shi)，效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)低(di)不(bu)(bu)是制約(yue)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)的(de)(de)關鍵因素，要落腳于(yu)經濟性(xing)。

國內近(jin)年(nian)來在貴州畢節、江(jiang)蘇金壇等地實施的(de)多個(ge)新(xin)型壓縮空氣儲能技術(shu)取得了較好(hao)的(de)示范作用，在近(jin)年(nian)來有望扮演重要角(jiao)色(se)，這里不展(zhan)開討論。

5、儲能型光熱電站(zhan)相(xiang)關政策

繼續回(hui)到光(guang)(guang)熱發(fa)電，梳(shu)理一下近期有(you)關于光(guang)(guang)熱發(fa)電的(de)相關政(zheng)策文件。

今年(nian)2月22日，《國務院關于(yu)加快建立健全綠色(se)(se)低碳循環發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)經濟體(ti)系(xi)的指(zhi)導意見》（國發(fa)(fa)(fa)〔2021〕4號）第（十五）條明確：“推動能(neng)源體(ti)系(xi)綠色(se)(se)低碳轉型(xing)。……提(ti)升可再生(sheng)能(neng)源利(li)用(yong)比例，大力推動風電、光伏發(fa)(fa)(fa)電發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，因地制宜發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)水能(neng)、地熱能(neng)、海洋能(neng)、氫能(neng)、生(sheng)物質能(neng)、光熱發(fa)(fa)(fa)電。加快大容量(liang)儲能(neng)技(ji)術研發(fa)(fa)(fa)推廣，提(ti)升電網匯集和外(wai)送(song)能(neng)力。”

2021年3月1日，國家電網公(gong)司發布《“碳達峰、碳中和(he)”行(xing)動方案》提(ti)出：“加快能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)技(ji)術創(chuang)新，提(ti)高(gao)新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發電機組涉網性(xing)能(neng)，加快光熱發電技(ji)術推廣應用(yong)。提(ti)升靈活(huo)調節(jie)電源(yuan)(yuan)的比重，建設調峰電源(yuan)(yuan)，發展“新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)+儲能(neng)”、光熱發電，提(ti)高(gao)系(xi)統調節(jie)能(neng)力(li)。”

2021年4月(yue)8日，國(guo)家發(fa)展(zhan)改革委《關于2021年新能(neng)源上網電(dian)價(jia)政(zheng)(zheng)策有關事項(xiang)(xiang)的通知（征求意見(jian)）》指出(chu)：“2022年1月(yue)1日后并(bing)網的首(shou)批(pi)光熱(re)(re)示范項(xiang)(xiang)目中央財政(zheng)(zheng)不再補(bu)貼。鼓勵(li)各(ge)地(di)出(chu)臺針對性扶(fu)持(chi)政(zheng)(zheng)策，支持(chi)光伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)、風(feng)電(dian)、太陽能(neng)熱(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)等新能(neng)源產業健康(kang)發(fa)展(zhan)。”

2021年10月10月26日，國務院發(fa)(fa)布《2030年前碳達峰行(xing)動(dong)方案》在“重(zhong)點任務”中(zhong)提出：“大力(li)(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)新(xin)(xin)能源。積極發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)太陽(yang)能光熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)，推動(dong)建(jian)(jian)立光熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)與光伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)、風(feng)電(dian)(dian)互補調節(jie)的(de)風(feng)光熱(re)綜合(he)可再生能源發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)基地。”“加(jia)快建(jian)(jian)設新(xin)(xin)型電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系統。構建(jian)(jian)新(xin)(xin)能源占比逐漸提高的(de)新(xin)(xin)型電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系統，推動(dong)清潔電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)資(zi)源大范圍優化配置。大力(li)(li)(li)提升電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系統綜合(he)調節(jie)能力(li)(li)(li)，加(jia)快靈活調節(jie)電(dian)(dian)源建(jian)(jian)設；加(jia)快新(xin)(xin)型儲能示范推廣應(ying)用(yong)。”

正是(shi)基于前面(mian)分(fen)析(xi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)力(li)系統對儲(chu)(chu)能的(de)(de)(de)需求以及(ji)(ji)目前尚沒有(you)(you)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)很好的(de)(de)(de)普(pu)適性的(de)(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)能技術，所以各個(ge)(ge)層面(mian)包括國家電(dian)網相關(guan)政策(ce)都有(you)(you)提及(ji)(ji)光熱(re)發電(dian)。這里面(mian)兩個(ge)(ge)詞我覺得(de)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)很好，一(yi)個(ge)(ge)是(shi)“因地(di)制(zhi)宜”，一(yi)個(ge)(ge)是(shi)“積(ji)極發展”。光熱(re)發電(dian)不(bu)具(ju)有(you)(you)普(pu)適性，和抽水蓄(xu)能一(yi)樣，受(shou)廠址條件(jian)以及(ji)(ji)太陽(yang)能資源條件(jian)限制(zhi)。積(ji)極發展意(yi)思就(jiu)是(shi)認(ren)準(zhun)了就(jiu)快(kuai)干(gan)，沒別的(de)(de)(de)好方(fang)案替(ti)代。

為此(ci)，近年來我公司（中(zhong)電工程西北院）開展了多項(xiang)(xiang)“光(guang)熱(re)儲(chu)能+”方(fang)案(an)的(de)(de)研究(jiu)，積累了一些的(de)(de)經驗。按(an)照1：10到(dao)1：5容量比例(li)，配置光(guang)熱(re)加光(guang)伏，在條(tiao)件合適(shi)的(de)(de)地區，可以實現12h以上儲(chu)能（具(ju)體(ti)看對(dui)該電站的(de)(de)定位，儲(chu)能時長越長，越經濟(ji)，但要確保利用率(lv)），具(ju)有(you)成(cheng)本優勢。國際上也類似(si)，如迪拜(bai)700MW光(guang)熱(re)＋250MW光(guang)伏，還(huan)有(you)北非(fei)摩洛哥幾個(ge)項(xiang)(xiang)目。

這張PPT是(shi)幾(ji)個典型的省區公布(bu)的一些“光熱+”項目，包(bao)括甘肅省這幾(ji)個以及陜西省一體化多能互補項目、吉林、青(qing)海等。大家都比較熟悉我不細說(shuo)了。

四、“光熱儲能+”案例分析

1、基本思路

所謂優化，其(qi)基本思(si)路就(jiu)是選擇合理的(de)(de)儲(chu)能(neng)容(rong)量，結合電(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統生產模擬(ni)等(deng)手段，確定儲(chu)能(neng)容(rong)量大小。必要的(de)(de)時期通過電(dian)熱儲(chu)能(neng)系(xi)統，耦合光伏(fu)和儲(chu)熱，將(jiang)棄電(dian)回收(shou)到儲(chu)熱系(xi)統存儲(chu)，進一步提高(gao)向下調(diao)峰能(neng)力(li)(li)，就(jiu)是壓低項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)總(zong)體出(chu)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)能(neng)力(li)(li)。極端天氣下，就(jiu)比如前(qian)面提到的(de)(de)今年1月7日晚(wan)高(gao)峰的(de)(de)沒風沒光的(de)(de)時候，可以通過光熱電(dian)站長時間(jian)甚至跨日調(diao)節(jie)能(neng)力(li)(li)，提高(gao)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)向上的(de)(de)調(diao)節(jie)能(neng)力(li)(li)。那么項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)總(zong)體的(de)(de)電(dian)價(jia)期望就(jiu)是依靠(kao)光伏(fu)發電(dian)的(de)(de)低成本，結合光熱儲(chu)能(neng)的(de)(de)特性(xing)，實現一定調(diao)節(jie)能(neng)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)綜合電(dian)力(li)(li)生產模式，示范(fan)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)打(da)造統一電(dian)價(jia)，不高(gao)于(yu)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)地（如甘肅）火電(dian)基準電(dian)價(jia)。

2、電源配比方案

針對甘肅酒(jiu)泉(quan)地區，我們和中國(guo)電科院(yuan)共同做了一個(ge)研究和分析(xi)，選取項目(mu)所在(zai)地全年每(mei)小時(shi)(shi)的(de)氣象站(zhan)的(de)太陽輻(fu)射度(du)數據，分析(xi)光熱、光伏(fu)部分出(chu)力(li)特性(xing)(xing)與互補(bu)特性(xing)(xing)，并結合當(dang)地的(de)負荷數據進行負荷匹配度(du)分析(xi)。引入一個(ge)量化(hua)指標(biao)負荷相關(guan)性(xing)(xing)系(xi)數r。負荷相關(guan)性(xing)(xing)系(xi)數r值越大(da)，說明總出(chu)力(li)與負荷的(de)匹配能(neng)力(li)也越強，項目(mu)的(de)電網友好性(xing)(xing)也就越強。下面(mian)一組曲線橫坐(zuo)標(biao)是(shi)一天的(de)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)，縱坐(zuo)標(biao)是(shi)電站(zhan)出(chu)力(li)或電網負荷。

比較(jiao)研究了多個配置場景，包(bao)括光(guang)伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)不(bu)配置光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)，光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)降低出(chu)力調峰運(yun)行(xing)(xing)以(yi)及(ji)日內頻(pin)繁啟停的調峰運(yun)行(xing)(xing)。結果表(biao)明，光(guang)伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)通過配置光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)，負荷(he)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)性系數可由0.175提升至0.330（上(shang)表(biao)1），說明該項(xiang)目(mu)總出(chu)力與負荷(he)的匹配能力顯(xian)著增強(qiang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網友好性明顯(xian)改善。同時，不(bu)同光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)調峰模式(shi)(shi)下，負荷(he)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)性系數也存在一定(ding)(ding)差異，在實際運(yun)行(xing)(xing)過程中，應根(gen)據(ju)負荷(he)變化情(qing)況，制定(ding)(ding)相(xiang)(xiang)對靈活的光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)模式(shi)(shi)，提升項(xiang)目(mu)整體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網友好性。

無論以何種模(mo)式運行，負荷相關性指(zhi)數較不配(pei)置光熱的場景大(da)近80%以上。

電源(yuan)配比(bi)(bi)方案，橫向(xiang)比(bi)(bi)較了電化學儲能(neng)的場景，具體如下(xia)四個方案，對光(guang)伏+儲能(neng)與光(guang)伏+光(guang)熱等多場景進行了比(bi)(bi)較。

同樣以負荷相關性(xing)為指(zhi)標，場景4中“光伏+光熱”配置(zhi)方(fang)式的電網友好性(xing)最好，大幅(fu)優于(yu)光伏配置(zhi)10%、20%電化學(xue)儲能的方(fang)式。因此本項(xiang)目(mu)電源配置(zhi)方(fang)案選擇光伏+光熱方(fang)式。

關(guan)于具體(ti)配比的(de)進一(yi)步(bu)分(fen)析，對項(xiang)目設計(ji)了兩種(zhong)方(fang)案(an)進行對比：第一(yi)種(zhong)是(shi)光(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)部(bu)分(fen)裝(zhuang)機500MW，年均(jun)利用(yong)小時數為(wei)(wei)1786.7小時；100MW光(guang)熱發電(dian)(dian)項(xiang)目，年均(jun)利用(yong)小時數為(wei)(wei)2230h。一(yi)體(ti)化項(xiang)目平均(jun)年總上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)約13.35億(yi)kWh(1860h 600MW)。

按甘肅省燃煤標(biao)桿0.3078元/kWh，對(dui)項(xiang)目計(ji)算期25年內(nei)的資(zi)本(ben)金(jin)內(nei)部收(shou)益率進行測算，其計(ji)算結果是：資(zi)本(ben)金(jin)內(nei)部收(shou)益率為6.56%。

第二種方案是，光伏發電(dian)部分(fen)裝機600MW，年均利用小時數為(wei)1786.7小時；100MW光熱發電(dian)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)，年均利用小時數為(wei)2230h。一體化(hua)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)平(ping)均年總(zong)上網電(dian)量約13.35億kWh（1850h 700MW)。

按甘肅省燃煤標桿0.3078元/kWh，對項目計(ji)算期25年內的資本(ben)金內部收(shou)益率(lv)進行測算，其計(ji)算結果(guo)是(shi)：資本(ben)金內部收(shou)益率(lv)為7.40%。

由以上數據可見，項目(mu)配置具(ju)有較(jiao)好(hao)(hao)的(de)調(diao)節能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)，電(dian)網(wang)友好(hao)(hao)性較(jiao)電(dian)池儲能(neng)好(hao)(hao)。同時(shi)在全部電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)可被消納的(de)前提下，項目(mu)具(ju)備盈利能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)，只是比部分(fen)公司對項目(mu)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)回報的(de)期望(wang)值低(di)。這是共性問題(ti)，我(wo)覺得我(wo)們在沒有進一步較(jiao)好(hao)(hao)的(de)儲能(neng)并網(wang)電(dian)價(jia)的(de)背景下，應(ying)該降低(di)對投(tou)資(zi)(zi)收益率(lv)的(de)期望(wang)。

3、卡諾電池（熔鹽電加熱器）

最后再簡單提一下電(dian)(dian)(dian)熱(re)(re)儲能(neng)。這個概(gai)(gai)念被德國DLR叫做(zuo)卡諾電(dian)(dian)(dian)池。和(he)比(bi)較流行電(dian)(dian)(dian)池概(gai)(gai)念相結合，有點(dian)蹭熱(re)(re)度的意思(si)。它的思(si)路也(ye)很簡單，就是(shi)一個場站內，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)網限制光伏并網時(shi)，將光伏棄(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)通過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)加熱(re)(re)，以熱(re)(re)能(neng)形(xing)式存儲于高溫儲熱(re)(re)系統中。光伏出力(li)不足的晚(wan)高峰等時(shi)段，電(dian)(dian)(dian)站對外輸送更多的電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，實現調峰。

但這(zhe)種方案(an)(an)成本比(bi)較高。特別(bie)的(de)當(dang)儲能(neng)電(dian)(dian)價不利于方案(an)(an)實施時(shi)，本部(bu)分(fen)新增(zeng)投資的(de)年(nian)利用率較低，比(bi)如新增(zeng)的(de)電(dian)(dian)熱儲能(neng)部(bu)分(fen)一年(nian)折(zhe)合到額(e)定(ding)功(gong)率容(rong)量只有200h。（電(dian)(dian)池儲能(neng)按(an)一天(tian)一個循環(huan)，大概(gai)也(ye)就(jiu)600h利用小(xiao)時(shi)數），這(zhe)種方案(an)(an)本身就(jiu)不具備經(jing)濟可行(xing)性，還不如把(ba)電(dian)(dian)棄掉。

最后一張PPT，看一下剛(gang)才提到的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)溫熔鹽(yan)儲能(neng)和既有火電(dian)結合(he)(he)，這(zhe)個圖是(shi)引用(yong)DLR相(xiang)關資(zi)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)，我(wo)做了(le)中文翻譯。圖的(de)(de)(de)(de)中間(jian)區域是(shi)燃煤(mei)鍋爐，把(ba)它換成光熱(re)(re)電(dian)站的(de)(de)(de)(de)集(ji)熱(re)(re)系統一個道理。這(zhe)意思(si)就(jiu)是(shi)和既有的(de)(de)(de)(de)汽輪發(fa)電(dian)機組結合(he)(he)，結余固定資(zi)產投資(zi)，或(huo)者說是(shi)挖掘既有固定資(zi)產的(de)(de)(de)(de)價值，通(tong)過增加電(dian)熱(re)(re)轉換系統，耦(ou)合(he)(he)傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)光伏風(feng)電(dian)類新能(neng)源(yuan)棄電(dian)，提高(gao)(gao)新能(neng)源(yuan)電(dian)站調節能(neng)力。這(zhe)個方(fang)案技(ji)術難(nan)點(dian)在于(yu)幾(ji)個關鍵設備。目前成熟的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)熱(re)(re)轉換設備電(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)級較(jiao)低(di)，比如(ru)1kV，這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)話變壓(ya)器、電(dian)纜等(deng)配電(dian)成本會很高(gao)(gao)。電(dian)加熱(re)(re)功(gong)率(lv)越大同時(shi)儲能(neng)容量越小，則(ze)單(dan)位(wei)成本越高(gao)(gao)；反之亦(yi)然；該類技(ji)術設備的(de)(de)(de)(de)壽命較(jiao)長(chang)，幾(ji)乎無循環(huan)次數(shu)限制；因此需要(yao)用(yong)足該模塊(kuai)方(fang)能(neng)體現經濟(ji)性，也(ye)就(jiu)是(shi)折合(he)(he)到功(gong)率(lv)基(ji)礎的(de)(de)(de)(de)利用(yong)小時(shi)數(shu)要(yao)足夠高(gao)(gao)，否則(ze)不建議(yi)配置。

因為利用(yong)了(le)既有存量(liang)(liang)高(gao)效(xiao)火(huo)電(dian)機組(zu)的熱(re)(re)電(dian)轉(zhuan)換，節約(yue)了(le)投(tou)資。考(kao)慮電(dian)熱(re)(re)轉(zhuan)換部分成(cheng)(cheng)本及(ji)儲(chu)能成(cheng)(cheng)本，初投(tou)資折算到(dao)單(dan)位電(dian)能存儲(chu)，單(dan)位電(dian)能存儲(chu)成(cheng)(cheng)本520～750元/kWhe，符合國家政策，即(ji)挖(wa)掘存量(liang)(liang)機組(zu)的儲(chu)能調(diao)節能力。

針對以上內容(rong)，如果(guo)不同觀點或相關業務(wu)需要(yao)交流歡迎聯系洽(qia)談。