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熔鹽罐在(zai)(zai)光(guang)熱(re)(re)電(dian)站(zhan)中扮演(yan)著重要(yao)的(de)角(jiao)色，是新(xin)型儲能(neng)(neng)性光(guang)熱(re)(re)電(dian)站(zhan)的(de)核心，其(qi)具(ju)備的(de)高(gao)儲熱(re)(re)能(neng)(neng)力和高(gao)穩(wen)定性，不僅(jin)可以使(shi)光(guang)熱(re)(re)電(dian)站(zhan)在(zai)(zai)陰雨天(tian)氣(qi)發揮(hui)作(zuo)用，還可為在(zai)(zai)構建新(xin)型電(dian)力系統過程中解決(jue)光(guang)伏風電(dian)等新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)間歇性問題提供(gong)重要(yao)助力。

在(zai)光熱(re)(re)(re)電站(zhan)中，熔鹽罐(guan)環節(jie)可采用單罐(guan)、雙罐(guan)和多罐(guan)系統。單罐(guan)熔鹽儲能系統結(jie)構簡(jian)單，成本較低，適用于小面(mian)積(ji)生活供暖等領域，但存在(zai)斜溫層(ceng)導致蓄(xu)熱(re)(re)(re)效(xiao)率降低的(de)問(wen)題。雙罐(guan)系統包含冷(leng)罐(guan)與熱(re)(re)(re)罐(guan)，通過(guo)冷(leng)熱(re)(re)(re)熔鹽分(fen)離并在(zai)2罐(guan)中循環換(huan)熱(re)(re)(re)，避免了(le)斜溫層(ceng)問(wen)題，技術(shu)風險也相對較低。

相比(bi)于冷熱(re)(re)熔(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)共處一室的(de)單罐(guan)(guan)，光熱(re)(re)電站儲(chu)熱(re)(re)系(xi)統在設計時通常會優先(xian)選擇雙(shuang)熔(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)罐(guan)(guan)系(xi)統。在雙(shuang)熔(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)罐(guan)(guan)系(xi)統中，高(gao)溫(wen)熔(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)罐(guan)(guan)和(he)低溫(wen)熔(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)罐(guan)(guan)的(de)各自(zi)運(yun)行、相輔相成，可(ke)以很(hen)好地降低儲(chu)熱(re)(re)和(he)放熱(re)(re)的(de)技(ji)術風險、避免罐(guan)(guan)內溫(wen)差等問題。在雙(shuang)罐(guan)(guan)的(de)基礎上還可(ke)進一步增加儲(chu)罐(guan)(guan)數量，形成多罐(guan)(guan)系(xi)統，增大儲(chu)熱(re)(re)量。如(ru)哈密50MW熔(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)塔式光熱(re)(re)發(fa)電項目首創(chuang)了雙(shuang)熱(re)(re)罐(guan)(guan)、一冷罐(guan)(guan)的(de)系(xi)統配置，提高(gao)了機組的(de)可(ke)靠性和(he)靈活性。

熔鹽罐如何運行

在熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)塔式(shi)光熱(re)電(dian)站中(zhong)(zhong)，低(di)溫(wen)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)罐(guan)(guan)內的(de)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)通(tong)過冷熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)循環泵(beng)(beng)將罐(guan)(guan)內熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)送(song)至(zhi)吸熱(re)塔內進(jin)行(xing)(xing)換熱(re)，吸熱(re)至(zhi)所需(xu)溫(wen)度后，熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)回流至(zhi)熱(re)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)罐(guan)(guan)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)儲存(cun)。此后通(tong)過熱(re)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)循環泵(beng)(beng)將將高溫(wen)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)輸送(song)至(zhi)蒸汽(qi)發(fa)生(sheng)系統進(jin)行(xing)(xing)做(zuo)功(gong)生(sheng)產電(dian)力。在熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)槽式(shi)光熱(re)電(dian)站中(zhong)(zhong)則是(shi)低(di)溫(wen)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)罐(guan)(guan)內的(de)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)通(tong)過冷熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)循環泵(beng)(beng)將罐(guan)(guan)內熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)送(song)至(zhi)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)換熱(re)器(qi)吸熱(re)，吸熱(re)后流向熱(re)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)罐(guan)(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)存(cun)儲，之(zhi)后由熱(re)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)循環泵(beng)(beng)將熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)送(song)至(zhi)蒸汽(qi)發(fa)生(sheng)系統進(jin)行(xing)(xing)做(zuo)功(gong)生(sheng)產電(dian)力。

圖：塔(ta)式(shi)熔鹽傳儲熱電(dian)站(zhan)流程示意圖

熔鹽罐保溫結構

熔鹽(yan)罐主要由頂蓋、筒(tong)體(ti)和罐體(ti)基礎結(jie)構三(san)部(bu)分組成。熔鹽(yan)罐保(bao)溫包括兩(liang)部(bu)分，即罐壁保(bao)溫層(ceng)和罐底保(bao)溫基礎。

其(qi)中，罐(guan)底(di)保(bao)溫(wen)的(de)基(ji)(ji)礎設(she)計(ji)是難點，這部(bu)分除了需要支撐(cheng)儲(chu)罐(guan)及內部(bu)熔鹽的(de)質量(liang)外，還用于減少罐(guan)底(di)散(san)熱(re)損(sun)失，設(she)計(ji)失誤(wu)極容易發生(sheng)設(she)備基(ji)(ji)礎沉降，如果(guo)沉降不(bu)均勻會使罐(guan)體局部(bu)受力變形撕裂，從而(er)導致熔鹽泄露發生(sheng)事故。典(dian)型(xing)熔鹽儲(chu)罐(guan)罐(guan)底(di)基(ji)(ji)礎的(de)結構(gou)形式如下圖所示(shi)。罐(guan)壁保(bao)溫(wen)層則一般(ban)采用礦物棉、硅酸(suan)鋁等作為保(bao)溫(wen)材料，其(qi)厚度根(gen)據保(bao)溫(wen)材料熱(re)物性(xing)和罐(guan)內熔鹽溫(wen)度確定。

圖：熔鹽罐基礎示(shi)意圖

高溫熔鹽罐(guan)起著蓄熱、緩(huan)沖的(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。當陰天或者太(tai)(tai)陽光照不強時(shi)(shi)，可以(yi)利用(yong)(yong)罐(guan)內的(de)熔鹽維持(chi)系統繼(ji)續運行幾個(ge)小時(shi)(shi)；另一方(fang)面(mian)，當有云層經過集(ji)光器(qi)上面(mian)時(shi)(shi)，太(tai)(tai)陽能高溫吸熱器(qi)將停止工作(zuo)(zuo)，在重新啟動前(qian)的(de)幾分鐘時(shi)(shi)間里面(mian)，可以(yi)利用(yong)(yong)高溫罐(guan)內的(de)熔鹽維持(chi)系統正常運行。

低溫熔(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)罐(guan)通常起(qi)著熔(rong)(rong)化固(gu)體鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)、儲存液態熔(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)等作用。它將固(gu)態的(de)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)熔(rong)(rong)化為液態熔(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)，以便于用泵輸(shu)送并在整個系統(tong)管路(lu)中循環；在系統(tong)停止運行(xing)時，全(quan)部熔(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)要(yao)回(hui)到熔(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)罐(guan)，要(yao)求熔(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)罐(guan)能有好的(de)保溫效果，使(shi)熔(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)始(shi)終處于液體狀態，以便更好的(de)讓熔(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)重新(xin)進(jin)行(xing)循環。

熔鹽罐運行中的常見問題

除(chu)熔鹽(yan)(yan)罐基礎設(she)計難點外，在儲熱系統(tong)中，如果出(chu)現熔鹽(yan)(yan)管(guan)道保(bao)溫(wen)設(she)備(bei)不科學、施工不當(dang)、管(guan)路局部位置散熱過(guo)大、溫(wen)度(du)過(guo)低或停運時疏(shu)鹽(yan)(yan)不及時等(deng)問(wen)題時，熔鹽(yan)(yan)管(guan)道會(hui)出(chu)現凝固、凍堵(du)現象。凍堵(du)問(wen)題會(hui)影響(xiang)集熱器內熱量的傳輸，進(jin)而影響(xiang)光熱電(dian)站的運行；發生凍堵(du)的設(she)備(bei)會(hui)縮短(duan)使(shi)用壽命，進(jin)而增(zeng)加電(dian)站設(she)備(bei)投入；此(ci)外，凍堵(du)問(wen)題發生需要盡快處理(li)，這就(jiu)意(yi)味著(zhu)需要專業的運維人員進(jin)行維護，從而增(zeng)加運維成(cheng)本。

CSPPLAZA此前從業內人士處獲(huo)悉(xi)，熔鹽罐在運(yun)行(xing)中只要(yao)地下基礎散(san)熱(re)管(guan)維護好，焊接方面(mian)處理好了，儲熱(re)系統實(shi)際運(yun)行(xing)中運(yun)行(xing)操作熟練，一般(ban)不會有什么問題。主(zhu)要(yao)就是(shi)怕停運(yun)再運(yun)行(xing)時(shi)，管(guan)道伴熱(re)操作不及時(shi)，熔鹽會凝固堵(du)管(guan)。

圖：凍(dong)堵后的金屬(shu)軟管

解決凍堵(du)問題可以從(cong)以下(xia)幾個方面入手(shou)：首先，做好保溫(wen)工(gong)作。保證(zheng)預熱(re)時(shi)管路預熱(re)溫(wen)度(du)，盡(jin)量減少熱(re)量損失與消耗(hao)。其次，在設(she)計儲(chu)熱(re)系(xi)統時(shi)設(she)計適合的防凍堵(du)設(she)計。熔(rong)鹽(yan)罐出口、閥(fa)門(men)、熔(rong)鹽(yan)泵(beng)等(deng)位置是最易出現凍堵(du)問題的環節，可以從(cong)坡(po)度(du)、管道結構等(deng)方面入手(shou)，讓熔(rong)鹽(yan)在排鹽(yan)過程(cheng)中可以回流干(gan)凈，從(cong)而(er)減少凍堵(du)風險。

此外，溫士彪在(zai)其《淺談熔(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)防凍(dong)堵(du)(du)技術的研究》中提到了一(yi)種(zhong)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)將壓(ya)(ya)縮空氣(qi)直(zhi)通(tong)(tong)熔(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)管道，在(zai)熔(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)回鹽(yan)時啟動壓(ya)(ya)縮空氣(qi)向管道通(tong)(tong)氣(qi)，并(bing)結合管道坡(po)度(du)設計來增加熔(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)流速，也是一(yi)種(zhong)減小凍(dong)堵(du)(du)概率的方法。運維時經(jing)驗豐富的操作人員還可(ke)憑借在(zai)入口(kou)處通(tong)(tong)過(guo)排氣(qi)聲音判斷管路是否暢通(tong)(tong)，雙重保證，讓熔(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)凍(dong)堵(du)(du)無(wu)處匿(ni)藏。

注：本文綜合參考了王鈺森、張曉明、溫士彪等相關研究資料。