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摘要：以光伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和塔式太(tai)陽(yang)能熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)組成(cheng)的一(yi)體化項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)（以下簡(jian)稱光伏(fu)光熱(re)(re)一(yi)體化項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)）為研究(jiu)對象，利用光伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)本低(di)(di)和太(tai)陽(yang)能熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)儲能成(cheng)本低(di)(di)的優勢，太(tai)陽(yang)能熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站配置(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)(re)設備，光伏(fu)所發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)優先滿足儲熱(re)(re)容量(liang)需求，儲存電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)在晚(wan)(wan)高(gao)峰時段發(fa)(fa)出，保障電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)供應，通過對光伏(fu)光熱(re)(re)一(yi)體化項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)晚(wan)(wan)高(gao)峰時段頂(ding)峰能力(li)和儲熱(re)(re)容量(liang)利用情況進行測算分(fen)析(xi)，并以太(tai)陽(yang)能熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站高(gao)峰時段上網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)最低(di)(di)需求為目(mu)(mu)標確定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)(re)裝置(zhi)的優化配置(zhi)方案。研究(jiu)結果表明：光伏(fu)光熱(re)(re)一(yi)體化項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)配置(zhi)合理規模電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)(re)裝置(zhi)，互補運行后(hou)可提高(gao)一(yi)體化項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)頂(ding)峰能力(li)，在未來電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市場環境中獲取最大收益。

引言

隨(sui)著中國“雙碳”戰(zhan)略目標的實施(shi)，現代電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統正逐步向高(gao)比例可(ke)(ke)(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)源和高(gao)比例電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)子設備（“雙高(gao)”）趨勢發展［1-3］。新能(neng)(neng)源自身特性與能(neng)(neng)源電(dian)(dian)力(li)需求的不(bu)(bu)(bu)匹配(pei)，給電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統帶(dai)來的挑戰(zhan)主(zhu)要包(bao)括供電(dian)(dian)充裕度和安(an)全穩定(ding)運行(xing)兩大方面［4-6］。太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)熱發電(dian)(dian)具有電(dian)(dian)力(li)輸出穩定(ding)、可(ke)(ke)(ke)靠、靈活可(ke)(ke)(ke)調等特性，不(bu)(bu)(bu)僅可(ke)(ke)(ke)作為(wei)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統的穩定(ding)電(dian)(dian)源和調峰電(dian)(dian)源，同時還能(neng)(neng)提供稀缺的轉動慣量，在新型(xing)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統中不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)或缺［7-9］。

近年(nian)國(guo)內外(wai)學者在太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究涉及太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)規劃(hua)設計、調度(du)(du)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)等(deng)多(duo)個方(fang)面［10-18］，文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)［17］綜合(he)考慮(lv)(lv)了(le)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)本(ben)、太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)并網消(xiao)納的(de)(de)(de)環境效益(yi)和(he)(he)(he)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)維護成(cheng)本(ben)、系統(tong)旋轉(zhuan)備(bei)用(yong)成(cheng)本(ben)等(deng)調度(du)(du)經濟性(xing)因(yin)素，探究儲(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)裝置(zhi)(zhi)配(pei)置(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)本(ben)與調度(du)(du)經濟性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)衡點，確(que)(que)定了(le)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)儲(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)容(rong)量(liang)配(pei)置(zhi)(zhi)；文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)［18］提(ti)(ti)出(chu)一(yi)(yi)種新型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)-光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏-儲(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)-電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)聯合(he)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)，多(duo)目(mu)(mu)(mu)標容(rong)量(liang)優(you)化(hua)(hua)以(yi)最(zui)大化(hua)(hua)通道利用(yong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)和(he)(he)(he)最(zui)小(xiao)化(hua)(hua)平(ping)準化(hua)(hua)成(cheng)本(ben)為(wei)(wei)目(mu)(mu)(mu)標。目(mu)(mu)(mu)前也有文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)開(kai)始對(dui)(dui)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)配(pei)置(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)裝置(zhi)(zhi)進行(xing)(xing)研(yan)究［19-23］，文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)［19］針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)含太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)和(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)裝置(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)能(neng)互補基地，提(ti)(ti)出(chu)以(yi)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)本(ben)最(zui)低作為(wei)(wei)目(mu)(mu)(mu)標，確(que)(que)定儲(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)時長和(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)功率(lv)(lv)(lv)，但未考慮(lv)(lv)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)在高峰時段(duan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)值；文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)［20］針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)含太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)和(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)能(neng)互補基地，基于(yu)(yu)分類電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)和(he)(he)(he)同一(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)，分析了(le)2種不(bu)同電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)機制對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)功率(lv)(lv)(lv)配(pei)置(zhi)(zhi)及運(yun)行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響；文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)［21-23］建立了(le)含電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)裝置(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)優(you)化(hua)(hua)模型(xing)，但未對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)的(de)(de)(de)配(pei)置(zhi)(zhi)進行(xing)(xing)分析。本(ben)文(wen)(wen)研(yan)究光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)一(yi)(yi)體(ti)化(hua)(hua)項目(mu)(mu)(mu)配(pei)置(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)技術(shu)方(fang)案(an)(an)，考慮(lv)(lv)配(pei)置(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)同容(rong)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)設備(bei)后(hou)，對(dui)(dui)光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)一(yi)(yi)體(ti)化(hua)(hua)項目(mu)(mu)(mu)晚高峰時段(duan)頂峰能(neng)力和(he)(he)(he)儲(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)容(rong)量(liang)利用(yong)情況進行(xing)(xing)測算分析，結合(he)頂峰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)得出(chu)較(jiao)優(you)方(fang)案(an)(an)，以(yi)期為(wei)(wei)光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)一(yi)(yi)體(ti)化(hua)(hua)項目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)規劃(hua)設計提(ti)(ti)供參考。

1 

光伏光熱一體化項目電加熱配置方案

1.1含電加熱的太陽能熱發電電站發電原理

傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)塔式(shi)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)主要由聚光集(ji)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、吸(xi)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、儲熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)裝置(zhi)、換熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)等5部(bu)分構成。圖(tu)1所示為含有(you)電(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)裝置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)塔式(shi)熔鹽(yan)(yan)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)原理圖(tu)。可以看出，在(zai)塔式(shi)熔鹽(yan)(yan)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中，約290℃的(de)(de)(de)熔鹽(yan)(yan)經(jing)泵從(cong)冷(leng)罐(guan)送往吸(xi)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)器，在(zai)吸(xi)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)器內(nei)被加(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)到(dao)565℃后(hou)進(jin)入熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)罐(guan)。當需要發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)，熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)鹽(yan)(yan)經(jing)泵進(jin)入蒸汽(qi)發(fa)(fa)生裝置(zhi)，產生過(guo)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)蒸汽(qi)，進(jin)入汽(qi)輪機，實(shi)(shi)現傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)朗肯(ken)循環發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)。經(jing)蒸汽(qi)發(fa)(fa)生裝置(zhi)放熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)的(de)(de)(de)鹽(yan)(yan)進(jin)入冷(leng)罐(guan)，再(zai)通過(guo)吸(xi)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)器加(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)重復上述過(guo)程(cheng)。含有(you)電(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)裝置(zhi)時(shi)，冷(leng)罐(guan)熔鹽(yan)(yan)經(jing)泵送往電(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)裝置(zhi)，經(jing)電(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)后(hou)進(jin)入熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)罐(guan)，熔鹽(yan)(yan)從(cong)冷(leng)罐(guan)到(dao)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)罐(guan)多了一條與吸(xi)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)器并行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)通路，實(shi)(shi)現電(dian)(dian)到(dao)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)的(de)(de)(de)轉換和存儲［24］。

1.2數學模型

太(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)在儲熱(re)調節(jie)能(neng)力(li)(li)、系統慣量支撐、電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)支撐能(neng)力(li)(li)等多(duo)個方面(mian)具有(you)明顯(xian)優(you)(you)勢(shi)(shi)，與光(guang)(guang)伏組(zu)成一(yi)(yi)體(ti)(ti)化電(dian)(dian)源后(hou)可充分(fen)發(fa)(fa)(fa)揮光(guang)(guang)伏與太(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)各自優(you)(you)勢(shi)(shi)，作(zuo)為(wei)未來新型電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統的電(dian)(dian)源支撐方案(an)。在“雙碳”背(bei)景(jing)下，新能(neng)源滲透率不斷(duan)提(ti)高(gao)，煤電(dian)(dian)建設空間逐步被(bei)壓(ya)縮，未來電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統中(zhong)高(gao)峰時(shi)段電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)保障(zhang)面(mian)臨(lin)嚴峻(jun)挑戰。因此(ci)，光(guang)(guang)伏光(guang)(guang)熱(re)一(yi)(yi)體(ti)(ti)化項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的發(fa)(fa)(fa)展思路是，光(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)成本低(di)，太(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)鏡場投(tou)資大(da)，盡量減少(shao)鏡場面(mian)積，獲取能(neng)量部分(fen)以光(guang)(guang)伏為(wei)主(zhu)；配置(zhi)電(dian)(dian)加熱(re)設備，利(li)用光(guang)(guang)伏棄電(dian)(dian)轉換為(wei)熱(re)量存儲在儲熱(re)罐內，晚(wan)高(gao)峰時(shi)段發(fa)(fa)(fa)出(chu)，保障(zhang)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)供(gong)應；光(guang)(guang)伏所發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)量優(you)(you)先滿足儲熱(re)容量需求(qiu)。圖2為(wei)光(guang)(guang)伏光(guang)(guang)熱(re)一(yi)(yi)體(ti)(ti)化項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)頂峰運行示意圖。

按上述(shu)思路，光伏光熱一(yi)體化項目的目標函數為：保證一(yi)體化項目盈虧(kui)平衡時太陽能熱發電電站(zhan)在高峰時段發電的上網電價最低，即：

2

算例分析

2.1算例系統參數

算例系統為(wei)(wei)中國青海(hai)(hai)海(hai)(hai)西地(di)區某光(guang)(guang)伏光(guang)(guang)熱(re)一體(ti)化基(ji)地(di)，該基(ji)地(di)中光(guang)(guang)伏裝機(ji)容(rong)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)1600MW，太陽能熱(re)發電裝機(ji)容(rong)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)400MW（2×200MW）。光(guang)(guang)伏出力特性采用基(ji)于多年歷(li)史數據預測(ce)的(de)8760h特性曲線。太陽能熱(re)發電機(ji)組采用塔式熔(rong)鹽技(ji)術，太陽倍數是指整個(ge)電站的(de)所有聚光(guang)(guang)集(ji)熱(re)設備（定(ding)日(ri)鏡(jing)）投(tou)運(yun)時(shi)吸熱(re)器輸出的(de)熱(re)功率和汽輪機(ji)額定(ding)負荷(he)需要的(de)熱(re)功率的(de)比值，在(zai)本算例中，太陽倍數為(wei)(wei)0.7，鏡(jing)場面(mian)積約(yue)64.6萬(wan)㎡，儲熱(re)時(shi)長(chang)為(wei)(wei)6h。

2.2光伏光熱一體化電量測算

光伏理(li)論年(nian)發(fa)電(dian)量(liang)約(yue)(yue)30.62億kWh，折年(nian)發(fa)電(dian)小時數約(yue)(yue)1914h，太陽能熱發(fa)電(dian)理(li)論年(nian)發(fa)電(dian)量(liang)約(yue)(yue)4.55億kWh，折年(nian)發(fa)電(dian)小時數僅1138h。截至2022年(nian)底，青海全省新(xin)能源裝機容量(liang)約(yue)(yue)28140MW，且(qie)已(yi)通過文件明確“十四五”期間實施保障性并網項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、市場(chang)化(hua)并網項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、第一批(pi)大(da)基(ji)地(di)(di)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、第二批(pi)大(da)基(ji)地(di)(di)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、清(qing)潔取暖項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、揭榜掛帥項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、增量(liang)混改新(xin)能源項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和普通市場(chang)化(hua)并網項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，總容量(liang)約(yue)(yue)33280MW。根據初步測算，上述新(xin)能源項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)全部(bu)投運后，2025年(nian)青海新(xin)能源棄電(dian)率達到約(yue)(yue)30%。

表1 算例系統光伏光熱一體化配置方案

按上(shang)述思路，為充分發(fa)(fa)揮太陽能熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站儲(chu)熱(re)(re)功能，將光(guang)伏棄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)存入(ru)儲(chu)熱(re)(re)罐，滿(man)足白天光(guang)伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)搬(ban)移(yi)至晚上(shang)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)需(xu)求，以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)(re)100MW為例，受(shou)制于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)(re)功率限制，每年(nian)(nian)轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)僅(jin)2.89億(yi)kWh，降(jiang)低項(xiang)目自身棄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率約(yue)9.4%，考慮(lv)轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)后(hou)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)太陽能熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站年(nian)(nian)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)增(zeng)至5.71億(yi)kWh，年(nian)(nian)利用小時數約(yue)1426h。整體年(nian)(nian)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)約(yue)27.14億(yi)kWh，詳(xiang)見表(biao)2。該情形熔(rong)鹽(yan)儲(chu)熱(re)(re)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)仍(reng)較大富(fu)裕，最大富(fu)裕容(rong)量(liang)(liang)在(zai)5000MWh以上(shang)，詳(xiang)見表(biao)3。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)(re)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)增(zeng)至400MW，每年(nian)(nian)轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)約(yue)7.46億(yi)kWh，降(jiang)低項(xiang)目自身棄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率約(yue)24.4%，考慮(lv)轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)后(hou)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)太陽能熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站年(nian)(nian)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)增(zeng)至7.53億(yi)kWh，年(nian)(nian)利用小時數約(yue)1883 h。整體年(nian)(nian)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)約(yue)28.97億(yi)kWh。該情形熔(rong)鹽(yan)儲(chu)熱(re)(re)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)仍(reng)一定富(fu)裕，最大富(fu)裕容(rong)量(liang)(liang)在(zai)3000MWh以下。

表2 光伏光熱一體化電量測算

表3 光熱儲熱容量盈余區間天數測算

電(dian)加熱(re)容(rong)(rong)量增(zeng)至800MW，每(mei)年(nian)(nian)轉(zhuan)換電(dian)量約(yue)9.91億kWh（除(chu)棄(qi)電(dian)外，部分(fen)光伏(fu)直接轉(zhuan)換為熱(re)量儲(chu)存，滿足晚高峰時(shi)段頂峰需(xu)求），考慮轉(zhuan)換后發(fa)電(dian)太陽(yang)能熱(re)發(fa)電(dian)電(dian)站年(nian)(nian)發(fa)電(dian)量增(zeng)至8.52億kWh，年(nian)(nian)利用(yong)小(xiao)時(shi)數約(yue)2129h。整(zheng)體年(nian)(nian)發(fa)電(dian)量約(yue)29.22億kWh。該(gai)情(qing)形(xing)熔鹽儲(chu)熱(re)容(rong)(rong)量基本沒有富(fu)裕。

2.3頂峰能力測算

根據2018—2020年(nian)西北地區尖(jian)峰(feng)(feng)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)最長持(chi)(chi)續天數統計結(jie)果，西北地區冬(dong)季(ji)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)最大(da)，日內以晚高峰(feng)(feng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)，2018—2020年(nian)西北地區95%尖(jian)峰(feng)(feng)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)最長持(chi)(chi)續時間4~6 h。太(tai)陽(yang)能熱(re)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站自身(shen)具備(bei)儲(chu)(chu)熱(re)功(gong)能，可作為(wei)(wei)(wei)保障高峰(feng)(feng)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)時段電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力供應(ying)的(de)穩定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)考慮，逐步轉為(wei)(wei)(wei)容量支撐電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。一(yi)體化(hua)項(xiang)(xiang)目主(zhu)要(yao)依(yi)靠太(tai)陽(yang)能熱(re)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站儲(chu)(chu)熱(re)在晚高峰(feng)(feng)時段發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)頂峰(feng)(feng)，頂峰(feng)(feng)能力主(zhu)要(yao)取決于太(tai)陽(yang)能熱(re)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站儲(chu)(chu)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量多(duo)少，對一(yi)體化(hua)項(xiang)(xiang)目頂峰(feng)(feng)能力進行計算(suan)分析，計算(suan)結(jie)果如圖3和(he)表4所示。

表4 太陽能熱發電頂峰區間天數測算

若按保證晚(wan)(wan)高(gao)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)段(duan)(duan)(duan)6 h進行測算，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加熱(re)(re)(re)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)選(xuan)擇100 MW，主要集(ji)中在(zai)白天光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)大發(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)8 h儲(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，正常天氣(qi)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)自(zi)身發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)及(ji)依靠(kao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加熱(re)(re)(re)轉換儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，晚(wan)(wan)高(gao)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)段(duan)(duan)(duan)頂(ding)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)可達(da)到350~400 MW的(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)約(yue)147 d（占(zhan)比(bi)40%），但(dan)受制(zhi)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加熱(re)(re)(re)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)限(xian)制(zhi)，儲(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)有限(xian)，高(gao)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)段(duan)(duan)(duan)頂(ding)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)充分(fen)發(fa)(fa)(fa)揮，仍有105 d（占(zhan)比(bi)29%）晚(wan)(wan)高(gao)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)段(duan)(duan)(duan)頂(ding)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)僅約(yue)50 MW，其他113 d（占(zhan)比(bi)31%）晚(wan)(wan)高(gao)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)段(duan)(duan)(duan)頂(ding)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)150~350 MW。典(dian)型(xing)(xing)日(ri)工作位置如(ru)圖4a所示。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加熱(re)(re)(re)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)選(xuan)擇400 MW，主要集(ji)中在(zai)白天光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)大發(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)8 h儲(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，正常天氣(qi)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)自(zi)身發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)及(ji)依靠(kao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加熱(re)(re)(re)轉換儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，晚(wan)(wan)高(gao)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)段(duan)(duan)(duan)頂(ding)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)可達(da)到350~400 MW的(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)約(yue)254 d（占(zhan)比(bi)70%），但(dan)受制(zhi)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加熱(re)(re)(re)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)限(xian)制(zhi)，儲(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)有限(xian)，高(gao)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)段(duan)(duan)(duan)頂(ding)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)充分(fen)發(fa)(fa)(fa)揮，仍有103 d（占(zhan)比(bi)28%）晚(wan)(wan)高(gao)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)段(duan)(duan)(duan)頂(ding)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)在(zai)150~200 MW。典(dian)型(xing)(xing)日(ri)工作位置見(jian)圖4b。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加熱(re)(re)(re)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)選(xuan)擇800 MW，主要集(ji)中在(zai)白天光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)大發(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)8 h儲(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，正常天氣(qi)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)自(zi)身發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)及(ji)依靠(kao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加熱(re)(re)(re)轉換儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，晚(wan)(wan)高(gao)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)段(duan)(duan)(duan)頂(ding)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)可達(da)到350~400 MW的(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)約(yue)335 d（占(zhan)比(bi)92%）。

2.4太陽能熱發電頂峰電價分析

考慮光伏(fu)和(he)太陽(yang)能熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)技術進步和(he)成本下(xia)降趨勢(shi)，本文中(zhong)光伏(fu)投資(zi)按(an)3100元(yuan)/kW，太陽(yang)能熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)投資(zi)按(an)9000元(yuan)/kW，電(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)投資(zi)按(an)250元(yuan)/kW。為保證(zheng)一體化(hua)項目(mu)合理收益，光伏(fu)上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)價按(an)青海目(mu)前(qian)新能源標桿上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)價0.2277元(yuan)/kWh，對不同情(qing)形下(xia)太陽(yang)能熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)在(zai)高峰(feng)時(shi)段的上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)價進行測算，計算結(jie)果見表(biao)1和(he)圖(tu)3。可以看(kan)出，若電(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)容量選擇100 MW，太陽(yang)能熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)高峰(feng)時(shi)段上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)價達到0.9209元(yuan)/kWh，才可保證(zheng)一體化(hua)項目(mu)投資(zi)回收；電(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)容量選擇600~800 MW，太陽(yang)能熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)高峰(feng)時(shi)段上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)價僅約0.6600元(yuan)/kWh，可保證(zheng)一體化(hua)項目(mu)投資(zi)回收，詳見圖(tu)5和(he)表(biao)5。

表5 太陽能熱發電電站高峰時段盈虧電價測算

3

結論

1）光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)成本低，太(tai)陽能熱發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)鏡(jing)場投資(zi)大，僅從(cong)獲取能量(liang)的角度，太(tai)陽能熱發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)鏡(jing)場部(bu)分(fen)投資(zi)始終高(gao)(gao)于光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，未(wei)來(lai)新型電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統中光(guang)伏(fu)和太(tai)陽能熱發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)可按一體化電(dian)(dian)(dian)源建設，太(tai)陽能熱發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站可盡量(liang)減少(shao)鏡(jing)場面(mian)積，獲取能量(liang)部(bu)分(fen)以(yi)光(guang)伏(fu)為主，太(tai)陽能熱發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站配(pei)置電(dian)(dian)(dian)加熱設備(bei)，光(guang)伏(fu)所發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)優先滿足儲(chu)熱容(rong)量(liang)需求，儲(chu)存(cun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)在晚高(gao)(gao)峰時段發(fa)出(chu)，保障(zhang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力供應。

2）本文(wen)所提一(yi)體化項(xiang)目配(pei)置1600MW光(guang)伏、400MW太陽能熱(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)，若電(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)容(rong)量(liang)選(xuan)擇400MW，可基本保(bao)證全年(nian)70%以上天數(shu)晚高峰(feng)時(shi)段(duan)頂(ding)峰(feng)能力達到350~400MW；若電(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)容(rong)量(liang)選(xuan)擇800MW，可基本保(bao)證全年(nian)90%以上天數(shu)晚高峰(feng)時(shi)段(duan)頂(ding)峰(feng)能力達到350~400MW。綜合保(bao)證一(yi)體化項(xiang)目合理收益得太陽能熱(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價頂(ding)峰(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價測算分析(xi)，該項(xiang)目電(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)容(rong)量(liang)可選(xuan)擇600~800MW。

3）建議盡快(kuai)建立容(rong)量電價機制(zhi)，完善現貨市場(chang)體(ti)(ti)系，通過(guo)電價政策或市場(chang)調節保證光伏光熱一體(ti)(ti)化(hua)項(xiang)目獲(huo)取合理收益。

作者：李富春1，田旭2，黨楠1，劉飛2，楊曉妮1，劉聯濤2

（1.中國電力工程顧問集團西北電力設計院有限公司，西安710075；2.國網青海省電力公司經濟技術研究院，西寧810001）