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國家(jia)能(neng)源局(ju)2018年全(quan)國電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力工業(ye)統(tong)計數(shu)據(ju)顯示，全(quan)國6000千瓦及以上(shang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)標準(zhun)煤耗(hao)308克(ke)，線路損失率(lv)(lv)6.21%。全(quan)國發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企業(ye)平均綜合廠用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)(lv)為5.52%（2017年數(shu)據(ju)）。即發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組發出(chu)1度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，到(dao)達用(yong)戶約0.89度；用(yong)戶用(yong)1度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，總(zong)煤耗(hao)約345克(ke)（全(quan)按燃煤機組計算）。因此(ci)，節約用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不是一句口號，而(er)且要(yao)盡量用(yong)清潔(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

一度電里還有70%來自火電

到2018年底，全(quan)國電(dian)源總裝(zhuang)機容量189948萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)，全(quan)年全(quan)口徑發電(dian)量69940億千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時。從(cong)裝(zhuang)機容量看，火電(dian)114367萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)、水電(dian)35226萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)（抽(chou)水蓄能(neng)2999萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)）、風電(dian)18426萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)、太陽能(neng)發電(dian)17463萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)、核(he)電(dian)4466萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)。

從發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量看，火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量49231億(yi)(yi)千(qian)瓦時，水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量12329億(yi)(yi)千(qian)瓦時，風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量3660億(yi)(yi)千(qian)瓦時，太陽能發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量1775億(yi)(yi)千(qian)瓦時，核電(dian)(dian)(dian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量2994億(yi)(yi)千(qian)瓦時。

從各省（市）發用電(dian)量(liang)看，電(dian)力資源分布與(yu)需求呈逆向(xiang)分布特征明顯(xian)，2018年各省區(qu)外受電(dian)量(liang)總和8723億千瓦時，占當(dang)地(di)總發電(dian)量(liang)20.4%。廣東、江(jiang)蘇、山(shan)東省用電(dian)量(liang)位(wei)(wei)居前三，山(shan)東、江(jiang)蘇、內蒙(meng)古發電(dian)量(liang)位(wei)(wei)居前三，廣東、江(jiang)蘇、浙江(jiang)省區(qu)外受電(dian)量(liang)位(wei)(wei)居前三，北京、上(shang)海、重慶區(qu)外受電(dian)占用電(dian)量(liang)的比重位(wei)(wei)居前三。

幾(ji)種典型發電機(ji)組(zu)的電價及成(cheng)本(ben)，燃煤發電機(ji)組(zu)、水電機(ji)組(zu)、風電機(ji)組(zu)、光伏發電機(ji)組(zu)和核(he)電機(ji)組(zu)。

燃煤發電機組

我國電源結構以(yi)燃煤(mei)火(huo)電機(ji)(ji)組(zu)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)，今后相當一段時間內還很(hen)難(nan)改變。正是因為(wei)(wei)燃煤(mei)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)的(de)(de)重要性，我國發(fa)電機(ji)(ji)組(zu)的(de)(de)上網電價(jia)政策(ce)(ce)一直(zhi)以(yi)燃煤(mei)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)上網電價(jia)政策(ce)(ce)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)，歷經還本付(fu)息電價(jia)、經營(ying)期電價(jia)，現為(wei)(wei)標桿電價(jia)政策(ce)(ce)時期。

據(ju)網(wang)(wang)絡相關(guan)報(bao)道，2019年9月26日，國務(wu)院常(chang)務(wu)會議(yi)決定完善燃(ran)煤發電上網(wang)(wang)電價(jia)(jia)形成機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，從明(ming)年1月1日1日起(qi)，取消煤電聯動(dong)(dong)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，將現行標桿上網(wang)(wang)電價(jia)(jia)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，改(gai)為(wei)“基準(zhun)(zhun)價(jia)(jia)+上下浮(fu)(fu)動(dong)(dong)”的市(shi)場化(hua)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)。基準(zhun)(zhun)價(jia)(jia)按各地現行燃(ran)煤發電標桿上網(wang)(wang)電價(jia)(jia)確(que)定，浮(fu)(fu)動(dong)(dong)范圍(wei)為(wei)上浮(fu)(fu)不(bu)超(chao)過10%、下浮(fu)(fu)原則上不(bu)超(chao)過15%，具(ju)體發電企業、售電公司(si)、電力用(yong)戶等(deng)通過協商或競價(jia)(jia)確(que)定，但明(ming)年暫(zan)不(bu)上浮(fu)(fu)，特別要確(que)保一般工商業平均電價(jia)(jia)只(zhi)降不(bu)升。2018年燃(ran)煤火電機(ji)組(zu)分省脫硫標桿上網(wang)(wang)電價(jia)(jia)如圖。

影響燃煤火(huo)電(dian)(dian)機組上網(wang)電(dian)(dian)價的(de)因素主要(yao)有煤價、工程造價、年發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)利(li)用(yong)小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)數、機組固(gu)定成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)、長期(qi)貸(dai)款利(li)率、折舊率等。其中：影響標(biao)桿上網(wang)電(dian)(dian)價水平(ping)的(de)三個主要(yao)因素，依(yi)次是煤價、工程造價、年發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)利(li)用(yong)小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)。不(bu)同時(shi)期(qi)、不(bu)同機組，燃料(liao)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)占發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)50%-70%。

水力發電機組

水(shui)力發(fa)電是(shi)水(shui)能利用的(de)一種重(zhong)要方式(shi)。水(shui)力發(fa)電通(tong)常要修筑擋水(shui)壩，用以集中(zhong)河(he)段的(de)落差，并形成水(shui)庫，水(shui)庫可以調(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)流量、攔蓄洪水(shui)。按調(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)周期劃分，即(ji)按水(shui)庫一次蓄泄循(xun)環的(de)時間來分，包括(kuo)無(wu)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)、日調(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)、周調(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)、年調(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)和多年調(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)等。

無調(diao)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)，是(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)沒有(you)調(diao)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)庫(ku)(ku)容，按(an)天然(ran)流量供水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)；日(ri)調(diao)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)，是(shi)將水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)一(yi)(yi)日(ri)內(nei)的均勻來(lai)(lai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，按(an)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)部門的需(xu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)過程進行(xing)調(diao)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)中的水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位在一(yi)(yi)晝夜(ye)內(nei)完(wan)成一(yi)(yi)個循環；周調(diao)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)，利用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)將周內(nei)假(jia)日(ri)的多余(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量蓄存(cun)起來(lai)(lai)，在其他工作日(ri)用(yong)，周調(diao)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)一(yi)(yi)般也(ye)同(tong)時進行(xing)日(ri)調(diao)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)；年(nian)調(diao)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)，對年(nian)內(nei)豐(feng)、枯季(ji)的徑流進行(xing)重(zhong)新分配的調(diao)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)（季(ji)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)性變化）；多年(nian)調(diao)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)庫(ku)(ku)容很大(da)，豐(feng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)年(nian)份(fen)蓄存(cun)的多余(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量，用(yong)以補充枯水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)年(nian)份(fen)的水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量不足(zu)。

據(ju)2005年全國水力資源(yuan)復查結果，我國大陸水力資源(yuan)理論蘊藏量(liang)在1萬千(qian)瓦(wa)及(ji)以上的河(he)流3886條，經濟可開(kai)發(fa)裝機(ji)容量(liang)40180萬千(qian)瓦(wa)，年發(fa)電量(liang)17534萬千(qian)瓦(wa)時。

我國(guo)水(shui)電(dian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)網(wang)(wang)電(dian)價政(zheng)策呈多樣化(hua)格局，分為按經(jing)營(ying)期上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)網(wang)(wang)電(dian)價、標(biao)桿上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)網(wang)(wang)電(dian)價和根據受電(dian)市(shi)場平均上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)網(wang)(wang)電(dian)價倒推定(ding)價等(deng)。2014年1月(yue)11日，《國(guo)家發展改(gai)革委關(guan)于完善水(shui)電(dian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)網(wang)(wang)電(dian)價形成機制(zhi)的通(tong)知》（發改(gai)價格〔2014〕61號），對2014年2月(yue)1日以(yi)后新投產的水(shui)電(dian)站中跨區跨省域交易價格由供(gong)需雙方協(xie)商確定(ding)；省內上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)網(wang)(wang)電(dian)價實(shi)行標(biao)桿電(dian)價制(zhi)度(du)，并根據水(shui)電(dian)站在電(dian)力(li)系統中的作用，可實(shi)行豐(feng)枯分時電(dian)價或者分類標(biao)桿電(dian)價；鼓勵通(tong)過競爭方式確定(ding)水(shui)電(dian)價格；逐步統一流域梯級水(shui)電(dian)站上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)網(wang)(wang)電(dian)價。

抽(chou)(chou)水(shui)(shui)蓄能(neng)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)是一種特(te)殊的(de)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，在用電(dian)(dian)低谷(gu)(gu)時(shi)用過剩(sheng)電(dian)(dian)力將水(shui)(shui)從下(xia)水(shui)(shui)庫抽(chou)(chou)到上(shang)水(shui)(shui)庫儲存起來，然后在用電(dian)(dian)高峰時(shi)將水(shui)(shui)放出(chu)發電(dian)(dian)，并使水(shui)(shui)流到下(xia)水(shui)(shui)庫。抽(chou)(chou)水(shui)(shui)蓄能(neng)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)是解決(jue)系(xi)統(tong)調峰、低谷(gu)(gu)之(zhi)間供需矛盾(dun)、保證新能(neng)源(yuan)發展而建設的(de)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，還能(neng)擔負系(xi)統(tong)的(de)調頻、調相和事故備用等(deng)輔助服務功(gong)能(neng)。

一般認為，抽(chou)水蓄能電站(zhan)“4度(du)換3度(du)”，抽(chou)水時消耗(hao)4度(du)電，發(fa)電時只能發(fa)出3度(du)，可以認為轉(zhuan)換效率75%。基于此，抽(chou)水蓄能電站(zhan)上網(wang)電機與(yu)其他電源的(de)上網(wang)電價有(you)根本(ben)區別，主要(yao)有(you)電網(wang)統一經營、單(dan)一電量電價、兩部制電價、租賃電價。

2014年7月31日，《國(guo)家發(fa)展改革委關(guan)于完(wan)善(shan)抽水(shui)蓄能電(dian)站價(jia)格(ge)形成機制有關(guan)問題的通知》（發(fa)改價(jia)格(ge)〔2014〕1763號），進一步完(wan)善(shan)抽水(shui)蓄能電(dian)站價(jia)格(ge)形成機制。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)力市場形成前，抽水蓄能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)實行(xing)兩(liang)部制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)按(an)照合理成本(ben)加準許收益的原則核(he)定。兩(liang)部制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)中，容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)主(zhu)要體現抽水蓄能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)提供備用、調(diao)頻、調(diao)相(xiang)和黑啟動(dong)(dong)等輔助(zhu)服務價(jia)值(zhi)，按(an)照彌補抽水蓄能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)固定成本(ben)及準許收益的原則核(he)定。逐步對(dui)新投產抽水蓄能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)實行(xing)標桿(gan)容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)；電(dian)(dian)(dian)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)主(zhu)要體現抽水蓄能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)通(tong)過抽發電(dian)(dian)(dian)量實現的調(diao)峰填谷效益。主(zhu)要彌補抽水蓄能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)抽發電(dian)(dian)(dian)損耗等變動(dong)(dong)成本(ben)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)水平按(an)當(dang)地燃煤機(ji)組標桿(gan)上(shang)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)（含脫硫、脫硝、除塵等環保電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)）執行(xing)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)網企業向抽(chou)水(shui)(shui)蓄(xu)(xu)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)站提供的抽(chou)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量，電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)按燃煤機(ji)組標桿上網電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)的75%執(zhi)行(xing)。抽(chou)水(shui)(shui)蓄(xu)(xu)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)站容量電(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)和(he)抽(chou)發損耗納(na)入當地省級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網（或區域電(dian)(dian)(dian)網）運(yun)行(xing)費(fei)用(yong)統一核(he)算，并作為銷售電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)調(diao)整因素統籌考慮。為推(tui)動抽(chou)水(shui)(shui)蓄(xu)(xu)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)站電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)市場化，在具(ju)備條件的地區，鼓(gu)勵采用(yong)招標、市場競價(jia)等方式確定抽(chou)水(shui)(shui)蓄(xu)(xu)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)站項目業主、電(dian)(dian)(dian)量、容量電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)、抽(chou)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)和(he)上網電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)。

當前，正(zheng)值電(dian)(dian)力(li)市場形成(cheng)的(de)過渡期，抽水蓄(xu)能電(dian)(dian)站未(wei)納(na)入(ru)輸配電(dian)(dian)定價(jia)(jia)成(cheng)本(ben)，電(dian)(dian)網企業(ye)承擔(dan)抽水蓄(xu)能電(dian)(dian)站費用(yong)已力(li)不從(cong)心，抽水蓄(xu)能電(dian)(dian)站電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)市場化(hua)是一個還需深(shen)入(ru)研究(jiu)的(de)課題。

風力發電機組

風電(dian)上(shang)(shang)網(wang)(wang)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)歷經初期參照燃煤(mei)電(dian)廠定價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)、審批電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)、招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)和(he)審批電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)并存、招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)加核準方式、標(biao)(biao)(biao)桿電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)。當前(qian)，正處(chu)于標(biao)(biao)(biao)桿上(shang)(shang)網(wang)(wang)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)退坡的關鍵(jian)時刻，未來將逐(zhu)步向平(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)、低(di)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)上(shang)(shang)網(wang)(wang)過(guo)渡。平(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)上(shang)(shang)網(wang)(wang)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)是指(zhi)與燃煤(mei)機(ji)組標(biao)(biao)(biao)桿上(shang)(shang)網(wang)(wang)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)平(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，不需要國家補貼。低(di)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)上(shang)(shang)網(wang)(wang)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)是指(zhi)低(di)于燃煤(mei)機(ji)組標(biao)(biao)(biao)桿上(shang)(shang)網(wang)(wang)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)。

2019年(nian)5月21日(ri)，《國(guo)家發展(zhan)改(gai)革委關于完(wan)善風(feng)電(dian)(dian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)網電(dian)(dian)價政(zheng)策的通知》（發改(gai)價格〔2019〕882號(hao)），將陸上(shang)(shang)(shang)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)、近海(hai)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)標桿上(shang)(shang)(shang)網電(dian)(dian)價改(gai)為指導價，新核準的集中(zhong)式陸上(shang)(shang)(shang)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)項(xiang)目、近海(hai)海(hai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)網電(dian)(dian)價全部通過競(jing)(jing)爭(zheng)方式確定，不得(de)高于項(xiang)目所在(zai)資(zi)源(yuan)區(qu)指導價；潮(chao)間帶海(hai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)通過競(jing)(jing)爭(zheng)方式確定的上(shang)(shang)(shang)網電(dian)(dian)價，不得(de)高于項(xiang)目所在(zai)資(zi)源(yuan)區(qu)陸上(shang)(shang)(shang)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)指導價。

從全生(sheng)命周期看，風電的成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)主要可以(yi)分為機組成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)、建設成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)、運維成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)、人員成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)與材料費等。

太陽能發電機組

太陽能發(fa)電(dian)分(fen)為(wei)光(guang)伏發(fa)電(dian)（PV)和光(guang)熱(re)發(fa)電(dian)（CSP)。光(guang)伏發(fa)電(dian)有集中式的地面電(dian)站(zhan)，也有與建筑物相結合的分(fen)布式光(guang)伏發(fa)電(dian)項(xiang)目。

2019年4月28日(ri)，《國家發展改革委關于完善光伏(fu)發電(dian)(dian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)機(ji)制有關問題的通知》（發改價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格〔2019〕761號(hao)），將集(ji)中式光伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)標(biao)桿上(shang)(shang)(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)改為指導價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，新增集(ji)中式光伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)原則上(shang)(shang)(shang)通過市場競(jing)爭(zheng)方式確定(ding)，不得超過所(suo)在資源(yuan)(yuan)區指導價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)。能源(yuan)(yuan)主管部門統一(yi)實行市場競(jing)爭(zheng)方式配(pei)置的工商(shang)業分布式項目，市場競(jing)爭(zheng)形成的價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格不得超過所(suo)在資源(yuan)(yuan)區指導價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，且(qie)補貼標(biao)準不得超過每(mei)千瓦時0.10元(yuan)。

國家發(fa)(fa)展改革委核定(ding)全國統一的太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)（含4小時(shi)以上(shang)儲熱(re)(re)(re)功(gong)能(neng)）標桿上(shang)網電(dian)價(jia)為每千(qian)瓦時(shi)1.15元（含稅(shui)），2018年(nian)12月31日以前全部投運的太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)項目(mu)執行上(shang)述標桿上(shang)網電(dian)價(jia)。太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)上(shang)網電(dian)價(jia)退坡機制(zhi)尚未確(que)定(ding)，考慮太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)產業現狀，退坡幅度可(ke)能(neng)不會不太(tai)。

核電機組

我國核電(dian)(dian)裝機容量比例相對較小。與(yu)一般火電(dian)(dian)機組(zu)一樣，核電(dian)(dian)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)主要由建(jian)設成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)、運(yun)維(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)、燃料(liao)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)。核電(dian)(dian)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)還有長期成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)有較大下降空間、地域(yu)差異不明顯(xian)等特點。

由(you)于(yu)核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技術上(shang)不(bu)適(shi)宜(yi)參與(yu)市場(chang)競爭，2013年(nian)(nian)以前，我(wo)國(guo)對(dui)(dui)核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)基(ji)本(ben)實行一(yi)廠一(yi)價(jia)(jia)。2013年(nian)(nian)6月15日，國(guo)家發(fa)展(zhan)改革委印發(fa)《關于(yu)完善核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)有(you)關問題的(de)通知》（發(fa)改價(jia)(jia)格〔2013〕1130號），對(dui)(dui)2013年(nian)(nian)1月1日以后新建核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)實行標(biao)(biao)桿上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)政策（根(gen)據目前核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)社會(hui)平(ping)均成(cheng)本(ben)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市場(chang)供需(xu)狀況，核(he)(he)(he)(he)定全(quan)國(guo)核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)標(biao)(biao)桿上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)為每千瓦時0.43元）；全(quan)國(guo)核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)標(biao)(biao)桿上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)高于(yu)核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)所在地(di)(di)燃煤機(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)標(biao)(biao)桿上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)（含脫硫(liu)、脫硝加價(jia)(jia)，下同(tong)）的(de)地(di)(di)區，新建核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)投產后執行當地(di)(di)燃煤機(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)標(biao)(biao)桿上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)；對(dui)(dui)承(cheng)擔核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技術引進、自主創新、重大專項設(she)備國(guo)產化任(ren)務(wu)的(de)首臺(tai)或首批核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)或示范工程(cheng)，其上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)可適(shi)當提高。