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以用戶為中心為能源系統注入靈活性

傳統能(neng)(neng)(neng)源行業普遍(bian)基(ji)于“生產(chan)側”的(de)(de)(de)(de)視(shi)角認識自身發展問題，并提供(gong)全(quan)局優化(hua)(hua)方案。主要原因是在(zai)改(gai)革(ge)開放的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源這一(yi)要素(su)多次滯后(hou)于經(jing)濟(ji)發展，“缺能(neng)(neng)(neng)”、“缺電”現(xian)象頻發，如(ru)在(zai)1985-1988年和(he)始于1992年的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩次經(jing)濟(ji)加速、工業擴(kuo)張引(yin)起了能(neng)(neng)(neng)源供(gong)應(ying)缺口；2000年以(yi)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)再重工業化(hua)(hua)進程(cheng)導致多次大規模“電荒”等，經(jing)濟(ji)增長(chang)對(dui)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源要素(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求更(geng)加側重于“數量上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)保障”。而(er)當前及未(wei)(wei)來較(jiao)長(chang)一(yi)段時間，能(neng)(neng)(neng)源需求將持(chi)續放緩，能(neng)(neng)(neng)源供(gong)應(ying)也將逐漸呈現(xian)出寬松態勢，人們對(dui)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源行業改(gai)革(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)期待和(he)產(chan)品多樣(yang)化(hua)(hua)需求更(geng)為迫切，以(yi)用戶為中(zhong)心(xin)將成(cheng)為未(wei)(wei)來能(neng)(neng)(neng)源系統演化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)規律(lv)。

在這樣的(de)(de)大背景下，能源(yuan)互(hu)(hu)(hu)聯網概念應運(yun)而生(sheng)(sheng)。能源(yuan)互(hu)(hu)(hu)聯網是互(hu)(hu)(hu)聯網思維與傳統能源(yuan)行業的(de)(de)融合，通過(guo)橫向(xiang)多能互(hu)(hu)(hu)補高效利(li)用(yong)，縱向(xiang)源(yuan)網荷儲優化(hua)(hua)協同，構(gou)建多種類型能源(yuan)的(de)(de)互(hu)(hu)(hu)聯網絡。基于(yu)互(hu)(hu)(hu)聯網思維，能源(yuan)互(hu)(hu)(hu)聯網將能源(yuan)行業關注的(de)(de)重心從“生(sheng)(sheng)產側”轉移至“消費側”，將更(geng)好從用(yong)戶需求出發，滿足人們對(dui)智(zhi)慧能源(yuan)、美好生(sheng)(sheng)活的(de)(de)向(xiang)往，實(shi)現整體的(de)(de)系統優化(hua)(hua)。

與此同時(shi)，相(xiang)關政策的(de)精準部(bu)署為能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)互(hu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)的(de)發(fa)(fa)展提(ti)供(gong)了指導。2015年7月，《國務院關于積極推(tui)進(jin)“互(hu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)+”行動的(de)指導意見(jian)》（國發(fa)(fa)〔2015〕40號）正式發(fa)(fa)布，明(ming)確提(ti)出了“互(hu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)+”智(zhi)慧(hui)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)重點任務。隨后，《國家發(fa)(fa)展改(gai)革委、國家能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)局(ju)、工業和信息化(hua)部(bu)關于推(tui)進(jin)“互(hu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)+”智(zhi)慧(hui)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)展的(de)指導意見(jian)》（發(fa)(fa)改(gai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)〔2016〕392號）對相(xiang)關任務進(jin)一步(bu)聚焦細(xi)化(hua)。今(jin)年以來，首批“互(hu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)+”智(zhi)慧(hui)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)（能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)互(hu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)）示范項目進(jin)入驗收階段，能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)互(hu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)建設已經(jing)進(jin)入快車(che)道(dao)。

泛在電力物聯網是能源互聯網靈活性的重要來源

能(neng)源(yuan)互(hu)(hu)聯(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)建設發展的(de)關(guan)鍵在于(yu)“雙向(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)(hu)動(dong)(dong)”，“雙向(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)(hu)動(dong)(dong)”既包(bao)括能(neng)源(yuan)行業“生(sheng)產者(zhe)”和“消費者(zhe)”之間的(de)互(hu)(hu)動(dong)(dong)，還包(bao)括源(yuan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)荷儲各個(ge)獨(du)立環(huan)節內部的(de)信息(xi)交互(hu)(hu)處理，因此底層的(de)數據感知是重(zhong)中之重(zhong)。今年(nian)(nian)年(nian)(nian)初國家電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)公(gong)司提出了泛(fan)在電(dian)力物聯(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)概(gai)念(nian)，其目標是應用移動(dong)(dong)互(hu)(hu)聯(lian)、人(ren)工智能(neng)等現(xian)代信息(xi)技術(shu)和先(xian)進通(tong)信技術(shu)，促進電(dian)力系(xi)統各個(ge)環(huan)節萬物互(hu)(hu)聯(lian)、人(ren)機交互(hu)(hu)，實現(xian)狀態全(quan)面(mian)感知、信息(xi)高(gao)效(xiao)處理、應用便捷靈活(huo)。筆者(zhe)認為，泛(fan)在電(dian)力物聯(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)是能(neng)源(yuan)互(hu)(hu)聯(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)靈活(huo)性(xing)的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)來源(yuan)，為實現(xian)能(neng)源(yuan)互(hu)(hu)聯(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)“雙向(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)(hu)動(dong)(dong)”提供了最直(zhi)接的(de)解決方(fang)案。從源(yuan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)荷儲這四個(ge)獨(du)立環(huan)節來看：

有利(li)于(yu)提(ti)高能(neng)(neng)“源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”生產效(xiao)率(lv)。可再生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)是未(wei)來全球能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)轉型(xing)方(fang)向(xiang)，但(dan)由于(yu)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)密度(du)低、資源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)位置、資源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)利(li)用的(de)轉換(huan)效(xiao)率(lv)等(deng)方(fang)面的(de)劣勢(shi)，其替代化石(shi)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)成為主體能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)并非一朝一夕(xi)之功(gong)。泛在電力物聯網(wang)的(de)數據感(gan)知應(ying)用將以(yi)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)行業“信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)密度(du)”的(de)提(ti)高來彌補(bu)清潔能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)密度(du)的(de)劣勢(shi)，從而有助于(yu)加快(kuai)當前能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)轉型(xing)的(de)進度(du)。如金風(feng)科技(ji)基于(yu)全生命周期(qi)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)數據，通(tong)過精(jing)確地(di)捕(bu)捉機(ji)組(zu)所處環境的(de)風(feng)速、風(feng)向(xiang)等(deng)流場信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)及其動態變化，進一步(bu)將此類信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)整(zheng)合至風(feng)機(ji)控制，使得(de)機(ji)組(zu)可以(yi)提(ti)前感(gan)知復雜風(feng)況，并通(tong)過智能(neng)(neng)控制作出最優響應(ying)，實現風(feng)機(ji)“隨風(feng)而動，順勢(shi)而為”，在提(ti)升發電量(liang)(liang)的(de)同(tong)時，還可以(yi)有效(xiao)降(jiang)低機(ji)組(zu)載荷，提(ti)升機(ji)組(zu)運行的(de)穩定性和(he)適應(ying)性。

有利(li)于提升(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)“網(wang)(wang)(wang)”智能(neng)水平。考慮到未(wei)來(lai)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)互(hu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)體系(xi)結(jie)構(gou)中(zhong)可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)逐步成為(wei)重要(yao)的能(neng)量來(lai)源(yuan)(yuan)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力輸(shu)配(pei)網(wang)(wang)(wang)與其他能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)絡相比的可(ke)延展性更強，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)將是能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)互(hu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的主干網(wang)(wang)(wang)。智能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)是物(wu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)最(zui)主要(yao)的應用場景之一(yi)，在現(xian)代電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)向(xiang)信息化(hua)(hua)、自動化(hua)(hua)、互(hu)動化(hua)(hua)轉型(xing)發展的過程中(zhong)，物(wu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)相關技(ji)(ji)術(shu)的落(luo)地應用至(zhi)關重要(yao)。如2012年起國家(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)公司就開(kai)始探(tan)索(suo)將物(wu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)應用于智能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)，經營(ying)區(qu)域(yu)11個省（自治區(qu)、直轄市(shi)）進行探(tan)索(suo)性實(shi)踐，開(kai)展了(le)287項智能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)試點項目，涵蓋了(le)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備及(ji)線路狀態(tai)監測系(xi)統、輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路無人機智能(neng)巡檢系(xi)統、分布(bu)式發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及(ji)微(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)接入控制、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車充換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)施及(ji)運營(ying)管理(li)系(xi)統、智能(neng)小(xiao)區(qu)/樓宇、智能(neng)園區(qu)、配(pei)網(wang)(wang)(wang)狀態(tai)監測等7個領(ling)域(yu)，部署了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)、溫濕度、噪聲、拉力、風偏(pian)等65種傳感(gan)裝置(zhi)，有效提升(sheng)了(le)智能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等環節的信息采集、智能(neng)處理(li)和(he)雙向(xiang)互(hu)動能(neng)力。

有利(li)于響應(ying)負(fu)“荷(he)”多樣化需求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)。未來需求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)側、負(fu)荷(he)端對(dui)能(neng)(neng)源行(xing)(xing)業的(de)(de)需求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)將不再僅僅限定為(wei)“能(neng)(neng)源產品”，多樣化能(neng)(neng)源“服務”的(de)(de)前(qian)景將更為(wei)廣闊。泛在電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)物聯(lian)網(wang)的(de)(de)建設(she)有利(li)于準確挖掘“新(xin)動能(neng)(neng)”產業的(de)(de)用(yong)能(neng)(neng)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)特征，有利(li)于獲(huo)取(qu)家(jia)(jia)庭用(yong)電(dian)(dian)設(she)備各(ge)時(shi)段的(de)(de)負(fu)載信(xin)息，從(cong)而(er)有效感知預測個(ge)體(ti)的(de)(de)價值獲(huo)取(qu)意(yi)愿(yuan)和(he)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)。如(ru)美(mei)國的(de)(de)Opower公司(si)(si)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)企(qi)業合作獲(huo)取(qu)家(jia)(jia)庭能(neng)(neng)源使用(yong)數據，基于行(xing)(xing)為(wei)科(ke)學理論、房齡信(xin)息、周邊天氣等建立家(jia)(jia)庭能(neng)(neng)耗(hao)檔案，并通過個(ge)人縱向(xiang)比較(jiao)、鄰里橫向(xiang)比較(jiao)來激發用(yong)戶(hu)節能(neng)(neng)意(yi)愿(yuan)。此外，還可(ke)以在電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)高峰時(shi)刻通知用(yong)戶(hu)避免進行(xing)(xing)洗衣、制(zhi)冷(leng)等高耗(hao)能(neng)(neng)活動，幫助售(shou)電(dian)(dian)公司(si)(si)進行(xing)(xing)需求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)側響應(ying)，實現負(fu)荷(he)轉移。

有(you)利于(yu)調動(dong)大(da)規(gui)模(mo)“儲(chu)(chu)”能(neng)(neng)(neng)資(zi)(zi)源。儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)是能(neng)(neng)(neng)源互聯網建(jian)設的(de)關鍵設備，具有(you)匹配供需、平(ping)(ping)抑波(bo)動(dong)、削峰填谷(gu)、提高(gao)質量等(deng)多(duo)個功能(neng)(neng)(neng)。但目前(qian)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)行(xing)業的(de)信息化(hua)水平(ping)(ping)仍然不高(gao)，近日國家發展改革委等(deng)相關部委印發的(de)《貫徹落實<關于(yu)促進儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)技術與產(chan)業發展的(de)指導意(yi)見>2019-2020年行(xing)動(dong)計(ji)劃》也明確提出“研(yan)究探(tan)索信息技術、人工智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)前(qian)沿科技與可(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源、儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)領域的(de)融合”。通過泛在感知技術可(ke)以有(you)效挖掘整合大(da)規(gui)模(mo)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)資(zi)(zi)源。如有(you)研(yan)究指出，目前(qian)用(yong)戶側存在大(da)量分(fen)散、閑置的(de)電(dian)池(chi)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)資(zi)(zi)源，主要(yao)包(bao)括電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車、通信基(ji)(ji)站、各類不間斷(duan)電(dian)源電(dian)池(chi)等(deng)。基(ji)(ji)于(yu)電(dian)池(chi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量管控云平(ping)(ping)臺和電(dian)池(chi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量交換系(xi)統可(ke)以將碎片化(hua)閑置電(dian)池(chi)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)資(zi)(zi)源盤活(huo)為(wei)大(da)規(gui)模(mo)分(fen)布式儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)統供電(dian)網調度利用(yong)，從而實現基(ji)(ji)于(yu)“虛擬電(dian)廠”的(de)配電(dian)網儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)統。