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作者：張寧1 余揚昊1 杜爾順2 康重慶1（1.清華大學電機系；2.清華大學低碳實驗室）

在我(wo)國(guo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)安全與(yu)(yu)碳減排壓力(li)(li)(li)(li)下，風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和光(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機還(huan)將繼(ji)續快速增長(chang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)系統(tong)逐步走向高(gao)比(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)并網的(de)(de)(de)新(xin)時代，高(gao)比(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和光(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)出力(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)波動性與(yu)(yu)隨機性將對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)系統(tong)靈(ling)活(huo)性提(ti)出更(geng)高(gao)要(yao)(yao)求，其(qi)(qi)通過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子裝(zhuang)置并網也將帶來系統(tong)低慣量與(yu)(yu)安全穩定(ding)問題，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)系統(tong)為消納高(gao)比(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)將付出成(cheng)本(ben)。光(guang)熱發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)術集(ji)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)(yu)大容量儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)為一(yi)身，是具(ju)有靈(ling)活(huo)調節能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)。在高(gao)比(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)光(guang)伏并網下能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠發揮調峰、調頻、備用(yong)等作用(yong)，同(tong)(tong)時其(qi)(qi)通過(guo)同(tong)(tong)步機并網，同(tong)(tong)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)樣能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠在高(gao)比(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子并網的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)系統(tong)中承擔“壓艙石”的(de)(de)(de)角色(se)，綜合技(ji)術經濟(ji)性優(you)于現有其(qi)(qi)他技(ji)術選擇。未來光(guang)熱發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)應作為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)系統(tong)重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)清潔靈(ling)活(huo)調節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，成(cheng)為高(gao)比(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)基地不可或缺的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術選擇。

一、背景

（一(yi)）我國碳減排承諾(nuo)以及可再生能(neng)源戰(zhan)略

習近平總書記2020年(nian)9月22日在(zai)第七十(shi)五屆(jie)聯合國(guo)大(da)會一般性辯論上發(fa)表重要講話，提(ti)出“中(zhong)國(guo)將提(ti)高國(guo)家自主貢(gong)獻力度，采取(qu)更加有力的(de)政策和(he)措施(shi)，二氧化(hua)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)力爭(zheng)于2030年(nian)前達到(dao)峰值，努力爭(zheng)取(qu)2060年(nian)前實(shi)(shi)現(xian)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)中(zhong)和(he)”的(de)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)目(mu)標(biao)(biao)，強調了生(sheng)態文明建(jian)設和(he)綠色(se)低碳(tan)(tan)(tan)發(fa)展。2060碳(tan)(tan)(tan)中(zhong)和(he)目(mu)標(biao)(biao)，具體落實(shi)(shi)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)力行業(ye)，就是要加快促進電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)生(sheng)產的(de)低碳(tan)(tan)(tan)轉型，充分發(fa)揮(hui)風力發(fa)電(dian)(dian)與(yu)太陽能(neng)(neng)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)的(de)裝機潛力，向高比例(li)可再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源以及零碳(tan)(tan)(tan)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)邁進。

2019年(nian)(nian)我國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源總裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)20.1億(yi)(yi)千瓦，非化(hua)石(shi)能(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)42%，其中風(feng)(feng)(feng)力(li)(li)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)10.4%，太陽(yang)能(neng)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)10.1%，裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)容量(liang)(liang)雙雙突(tu)破2億(yi)(yi)千瓦。2019年(nian)(nian)全國(guo)(guo)總發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)7.3萬億(yi)(yi)千瓦時，非化(hua)石(shi)能(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)32%。國(guo)(guo)家發展改革委、國(guo)(guo)家能(neng)源局(ju)發布的(de)《能(neng)源生產(chan)和消費革命(ming)戰略（2016-2030）》（發改基礎〔2016〕2795號(hao)），提(ti)出到(dao)(dao)2030年(nian)(nian)非化(hua)石(shi)能(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)全部發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)的(de)比(bi)重(zhong)力(li)(li)爭要達到(dao)(dao)50%。預計到(dao)(dao)2050年(nian)(nian)，我國(guo)(guo)太陽(yang)能(neng)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)將(jiang)達到(dao)(dao)21.6億(yi)(yi)千瓦，占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)達到(dao)(dao)41%，風(feng)(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)將(jiang)達到(dao)(dao)14.4億(yi)(yi)千瓦，占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)27%1。未來的(de)幾(ji)十(shi)年(nian)(nian)內，我國(guo)(guo)的(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏總裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)容量(liang)(liang)及其占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)都將(jiang)有顯著提(ti)升(sheng)，對系(xi)統(tong)靈(ling)活性(xing)、安(an)全穩定(ding)性(xing)以(yi)及經濟(ji)性(xing)等都提(ti)出了全新的(de)挑戰，具體表現為(wei)：（1）電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)調峰能(neng)力(li)(li)不足引起大量(liang)(liang)棄風(feng)(feng)(feng)棄光(guang)(guang)(guang)；（2）風(feng)(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置并(bing)網帶來系(xi)統(tong)低慣量(liang)(liang)以(yi)及諧振穩定(ding)性(xing)等問題；（3）風(feng)(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏間(jian)歇(xie)性(xing)降低了輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)以(yi)及常規機(ji)組利(li)用小時數，發輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)資源投(tou)資效率逐漸(jian)降低。

（二(er)）光(guang)熱發電(dian)技術特點

太陽能(neng)光熱(re)發(fa)電(dian)技術是光伏發(fa)電(dian)之外(wai)的另一(yi)種太陽能(neng)發(fa)電(dian)技術。光熱(re)電(dian)站一(yi)般由聚光集(ji)熱(re)環(huan)節(jie)、儲熱(re)環(huan)節(jie)以(yi)及發(fa)電(dian)環(huan)節(jie)三(san)個部分構成，中間通(tong)過導熱(re)油等(deng)工質(zhi)進(jin)行能(neng)量的傳遞。

光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)發電(dian)(dian)首先通(tong)(tong)過聚(ju)光(guang)集(ji)(ji)熱(re)(re)(re)環節中的(de)(de)鏡場反射太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)至太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)集(ji)(ji)熱(re)(re)(re)器進(jin)行熱(re)(re)(re)能(neng)的(de)(de)采集(ji)(ji)，進(jin)而加熱(re)(re)(re)導熱(re)(re)(re)工質(zhi)，再通(tong)(tong)過換熱(re)(re)(re)裝置(zhi)利(li)用集(ji)(ji)中的(de)(de)熱(re)(re)(re)能(neng)形成高(gao)壓過熱(re)(re)(re)蒸汽，以推動(dong)汽輪機進(jin)行發電(dian)(dian)。光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)站一(yi)般還會同時(shi)建設大容(rong)量的(de)(de)儲熱(re)(re)(re)裝置(zhi)，既保(bao)證(zheng)了熱(re)(re)(re)能(neng)的(de)(de)高(gao)效接收(shou)與集(ji)(ji)中存儲，同時(shi)也使(shi)得(de)光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)站本(ben)身(shen)(shen)(shen)具有了儲能(neng)的(de)(de)特性(xing)。光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)站在本(ben)身(shen)(shen)(shen)實(shi)現收(shou)集(ji)(ji)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)輻照進(jin)行可(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)出力(li)的(de)(de)同時(shi)，又可(ke)以進(jin)行熱(re)(re)(re)能(neng)的(de)(de)長時(shi)間存儲，為(wei)自身(shen)(shen)(shen)提供(gong)出力(li)可(ke)調(diao)節性(xing)，應對光(guang)照資源(yuan)的(de)(de)間歇性(xing)與不確定性(xing)，并為(wei)電(dian)(dian)網提供(gong)靈活性(xing)調(diao)節空間。

二、光熱發電的技術經濟優勢：以靈活可再生能源消納間歇性可再生能源

（一）光(guang)熱發(fa)電靈活性促(cu)進高比例可再生(sheng)能源消納

光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通過(guo)大規模儲熱(re)能(neng)(neng)夠促進風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)的(de)消納。裝(zhuang)備(bei)十余小時的(de)大容量儲熱(re)的(de)光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不僅能(neng)(neng)夠實現其自身(shen)的(de)平(ping)穩(wen)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，還能(neng)(neng)夠為高(gao)比例風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)進行(xing)調峰(feng)。靈活的(de)光(guang)(guang)熱(re)出(chu)力(li)將很好地平(ping)抑(yi)新能(neng)(neng)源出(chu)力(li)的(de)波(bo)動，通過(guo)削峰(feng)填谷，大大增(zeng)強可(ke)再生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源消納能(neng)(neng)力(li)，降低棄風棄光(guang)(guang)。光(guang)(guang)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站與(yu)風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)等可(ke)再生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源的(de)打捆能(neng)(neng)夠實現100%可(ke)再生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源穩(wen)定出(chu)力(li)，對于實現高(gao)比例可(ke)再生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源西電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)東送具有(you)重要意義(yi)。

光(guang)熱(re)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)為(wei)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)光(guang)伏(fu)出(chu)力(li)不(bu)(bu)確(que)(que)定性(xing)提(ti)(ti)(ti)供(gong)備(bei)(bei)用。風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)光(guang)伏(fu)出(chu)力(li)的不(bu)(bu)確(que)(que)定性(xing)使其對電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統產(chan)生額外的備(bei)(bei)用需(xu)求，隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)站裝機容量(liang)的逐年增長(chang)，系(xi)(xi)統的備(bei)(bei)用需(xu)求也將日(ri)益增長(chang)。目前風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)光(guang)伏(fu)的不(bu)(bu)確(que)(que)定性(xing)主要是(shi)依靠火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、水電(dian)(dian)(dian)或(huo)者(zhe)儲能(neng)提(ti)(ti)(ti)供(gong)備(bei)(bei)用，在未來高(gao)比例可(ke)(ke)再生能(neng)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統的場景(jing)下(xia)，新建火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)來匹配日(ri)益增長(chang)的可(ke)(ke)再生能(neng)源(yuan)備(bei)(bei)用需(xu)求不(bu)(bu)再具有可(ke)(ke)持(chi)續性(xing)。相較(jiao)之下(xia)，光(guang)熱(re)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)夠提(ti)(ti)(ti)供(gong)同步旋轉(zhuan)備(bei)(bei)用，進(jin)而降(jiang)低全系(xi)(xi)統對電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)備(bei)(bei)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的總體需(xu)求。

光熱電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)能(neng)夠參(can)與(yu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻輔助服(fu)務(wu)(wu)。與(yu)火電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)類似，光熱電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的發(fa)電(dian)(dian)環節是(shi)通過蒸汽輪機(ji)(ji)旋轉發(fa)電(dian)(dian)，具有較(jiao)強的短時出力(li)調(diao)(diao)(diao)節能(neng)力(li)，可以參(can)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統一次與(yu)二(er)次調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻。光熱發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)的啟(qi)動時間、爬(pa)坡能(neng)力(li)等性能(neng)都近似甚至優于燃煤機(ji)(ji)組(zu)，另外(wai)儲(chu)熱環節使得其出力(li)調(diao)(diao)(diao)節范(fan)圍更廣，參(can)與(yu)輔助服(fu)務(wu)(wu)的能(neng)力(li)更強。光熱電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)可以在(zai)未滿(man)出力(li)的運行狀況(kuang)下，提供調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻輔助服(fu)務(wu)(wu)，并在(zai)將來逐步開放輔助服(fu)務(wu)(wu)市場(chang)，或(huo)者提供輔助服(fu)務(wu)(wu)補償(chang)時，獲取(qu)輔助服(fu)務(wu)(wu)收益(yi)。

光(guang)熱發電(dian)(dian)(dian)在連續(xu)(xu)多日(ri)無(wu)(wu)風(feng)無(wu)(wu)光(guang)的(de)(de)場(chang)景(jing)下能夠(gou)為(wei)系(xi)統(tong)提(ti)供(gong)緊急備(bei)用，降低(di)常規(gui)機組需(xu)求(qiu)。高比例可再生(sheng)能源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)中連續(xu)(xu)的(de)(de)極端氣(qi)候條(tiao)件(jian)可能使得系(xi)統(tong)出現(xian)較大(da)的(de)(de)功率缺(que)額。此時(shi)光(guang)熱發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組可以作為(wei)應急保障發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組使用天然(ran)氣(qi)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)。要實現(xian)這(zhe)種發電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式，只需(xu)要具備(bei)天然(ran)氣(qi)供(gong)給條(tiao)件(jian)并配(pei)置備(bei)用的(de)(de)天然(ran)氣(qi)加(jia)熱爐即可，改(gai)造成本低(di)。通(tong)過光(guang)熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)站配(pei)合燃氣(qi)加(jia)熱提(ti)供(gong)緊急時(shi)段的(de)(de)備(bei)用，可以降低(di)對緊急備(bei)用機組容量的(de)(de)需(xu)求(qiu)，從系(xi)統(tong)層面(mian)降低(di)裝機備(bei)用。

（二(er)）光熱(re)發電(dian)技(ji)術紓(shu)解低慣量電(dian)力系統(tong)穩定性難題(ti)

光(guang)熱(re)(re)發電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)發電(dian)(dian)環節(jie)工作(zuo)原理是通過高(gao)壓過熱(re)(re)蒸(zheng)汽推動(dong)汽輪機(ji)(ji)發電(dian)(dian)，其(qi)物(wu)理本質仍(reng)然是同步(bu)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，為系(xi)統(tong)(tong)提(ti)供(gong)(gong)了可靠(kao)的(de)(de)轉動(dong)慣(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)量(liang)(liang)。常(chang)(chang)(chang)規(gui)風電(dian)(dian)光(guang)伏并網(wang)所使用的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)裝置與(yu)同步(bu)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)特(te)性差別較大，將會帶來(lai)較大的(de)(de)慣(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)量(liang)(liang)缺(que)額(e)，隨(sui)之(zhi)而來(lai)的(de)(de)就是電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)應對(dui)(dui)功(gong)率不平衡的(de)(de)調節(jie)能力(li)下滑，并帶來(lai)一系(xi)列的(de)(de)頻率穩(wen)定(ding)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)壓穩(wen)定(ding)問(wen)題。目(mu)前系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)慣(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)量(liang)(liang)主(zhu)要是由(you)常(chang)(chang)(chang)規(gui)火電(dian)(dian)等同步(bu)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)提(ti)供(gong)(gong)支撐，隨(sui)著可再(zai)生能源(yuan)在電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)占比逐(zhu)年上升，系(xi)統(tong)(tong)慣(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)量(liang)(liang)大幅降低，為系(xi)統(tong)(tong)穩(wen)定(ding)帶來(lai)風險。盡管目(mu)前已有針對(dui)(dui)虛擬慣(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)量(liang)(liang)方面的(de)(de)研究，但是同步(bu)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)帶來(lai)的(de)(de)真實物(wu)理慣(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)量(liang)(liang)對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)穩(wen)定(ding)是不可或缺(que)的(de)(de)。隨(sui)著常(chang)(chang)(chang)規(gui)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)占比降低，高(gao)比例(li)可再(zai)生能源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)亟需同步(bu)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)提(ti)供(gong)(gong)慣(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)量(liang)(liang)支撐，兼(jian)具(ju)(ju)可再(zai)生能源(yuan)出力(li)與(yu)同步(bu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)并網(wang)的(de)(de)光(guang)熱(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)站能夠提(ti)供(gong)(gong)理想(xiang)解(jie)決方案。在配備(bei)大容(rong)量(liang)(liang)儲熱(re)(re)裝置的(de)(de)情形下，光(guang)熱(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)站可以實現連續24小時穩(wen)定(ding)出力(li)，在光(guang)熱(re)(re)大規(gui)模(mo)裝機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)情況下，具(ju)(ju)有承擔電(dian)(dian)網(wang)基本負(fu)荷的(de)(de)潛力(li)。

（三）光熱發電具有(you)技術經(jing)濟優勢(shi)

目前，光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)裝機成(cheng)本(ben)相比光(guang)(guang)伏與風電(dian)(dian)(dian)更高(gao)，這也是制約現階(jie)段光(guang)(guang)熱(re)產業(ye)發(fa)展的(de)重要因素。然而光(guang)(guang)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站還具有靈活(huo)調節能(neng)力，如果把光(guang)(guang)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站看作發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)與儲能(neng)相結合(he)的(de)整(zheng)體(ti)，要比同時投建風電(dian)(dian)(dian)/光(guang)(guang)伏與電(dian)(dian)(dian)化學儲能(neng)更有技術經濟優勢，單純因為其投資成(cheng)本(ben)高(gao)昂而放棄(qi)光(guang)(guang)熱(re)投建未(wei)免過(guo)于片(pian)面。

將(jiang)光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)光(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)進行技術(shu)經濟(ji)對比，同一地點(dian)相同容量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組（儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)熱(re)13小時(shi)(shi)(shi)）的(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)約是光(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)2.5倍2，同時(shi)(shi)(shi)，光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可以提供(gong)可靠(kao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)保障，即100%參與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)平(ping)(ping)衡，不需要電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)額外配(pei)(pei)套(tao)建設(she)(she)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)。光(guang)(guang)伏要成(cheng)為(wei)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)可靠(kao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源，參與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)平(ping)(ping)衡，則必須配(pei)(pei)置至少6小時(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)，以實現(xian)日內及日間的(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)穩出力(li)(li)，由此來(lai)看光(guang)(guang)伏配(pei)(pei)套(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)并不低(di)。經過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)運行模(mo)擬分(fen)析，在同樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)條件下，配(pei)(pei)備13小時(shi)(shi)(shi)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)熱(re)的(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)(ping)準(zhun)化(hua)度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)本(ben)約為(wei)1.048元(yuan)/千(qian)瓦時(shi)(shi)(shi)。而對應的(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)伏+電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)場(chang)(chang)景(jing)下，其平(ping)(ping)準(zhun)化(hua)度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)本(ben)將(jiang)達到(dao)1.233元(yuan)/千(qian)瓦時(shi)(shi)(shi)3。在清潔能(neng)(neng)(neng)源基地的(de)(de)(de)(de)大規模(mo)建設(she)(she)場(chang)(chang)景(jing)下，光(guang)(guang)熱(re)的(de)(de)(de)(de)參與(yu)將(jiang)可以充分(fen)發(fa)(fa)揮其經濟(ji)優勢(shi)，得到(dao)整體可再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源綜合(he)效益的(de)(de)(de)(de)提升。

光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)本身還(huan)有較強的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)改造性(xing)，經濟效(xiao)益(yi)有進一步的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提升(sheng)空間。通(tong)過(guo)建設低(di)成本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)制熱(re)(re)(re)(re)模塊，光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)就可(ke)(ke)以兼具(ju)儲(chu)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)能(neng)，按照電(dian)(dian)-熱(re)(re)(re)(re)-電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)量轉換(huan)方式，實(shi)現無需依靠光(guang)照資源的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大容量儲(chu)能(neng)，進一步提高電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行(xing)靈活(huo)性(xing)，提高收(shou)益(yi)。此外，通(tong)過(guo)建設熱(re)(re)(re)(re)交換(huan)裝置，還(huan)可(ke)(ke)以實(shi)現光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)集(ji)中(zhong)供(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)供(gong)(gong)(gong)冷，其(qi)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)能(neng)來源包括儲(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)罐中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)量通(tong)過(guo)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)交換(huan)裝置的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直接供(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)、汽(qi)輪機的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)乏汽(qi)供(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)等(deng)。通(tong)過(guo)光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)聯(lian)供(gong)(gong)(gong)，在(zai)綜合(he)能(neng)源系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)場景(jing)中(zhong)實(shi)現太(tai)陽能(neng)資源的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優化配(pei)置，也(ye)可(ke)(ke)以提升(sheng)其(qi)綜合(he)效(xiao)益(yi)。

（四）光熱發電(dian)支撐高比(bi)例風電(dian)光伏(fu)并網優勢明(ming)顯

綜上(shang)所(suo)述(shu)，相比光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏+儲能的(de)配置(zhi)而言，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)熱本身的(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)經濟效益更(geng)高(gao)。在系(xi)統層面上(shang)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)站具有極佳(jia)的(de)外(wai)部效益。除了(le)(le)其可(ke)再生能源發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)效益外(wai)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)熱發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)還(huan)(huan)具備(bei)良(liang)好的(de)調(diao)節特性，可(ke)迅速響(xiang)應電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)負荷需求，快速調(diao)節機組(zu)的(de)出力(li)(li)，可(ke)參與電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)一次調(diao)頻和(he)二次調(diao)頻，同時還(huan)(huan)可(ke)以提供備(bei)用和(he)爬(pa)坡(po)等服務(wu)，并(bing)為系(xi)統提供足夠(gou)的(de)慣(guan)量支撐。將(jiang)(jiang)來(lai)隨(sui)著光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)熱的(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展還(huan)(huan)可(ke)以發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘(jue)出光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)站的(de)熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)聯供、提供緊急備(bei)用、維持(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統基本負荷等潛力(li)(li)。這(zhe)些系(xi)統層面的(de)效益目(mu)前還(huan)(huan)沒有政策支持(chi)(chi)與商業模式能夠(gou)充分反映到(dao)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)熱發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價中(zhong)，但是可(ke)以確定的(de)是：有了(le)(le)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)熱，未來(lai)高(gao)比例可(ke)再生能源電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統將(jiang)(jiang)付出較少的(de)成本來(lai)實(shi)現風光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)的(de)消納(na)。

三、我國光熱行業發展展望與建議

（一）明確(que)光熱在(zai)未來高比例可再生能源電力系統中的定位

目前對光熱(re)(re)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)定位僅停(ting)留(liu)在“一種成本較(jiao)高的(de)可再(zai)(zai)生能(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)(fang)式”并不(bu)(bu)完(wan)全科學。光熱(re)(re)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)作為(wei)新(xin)興(xing)的(de)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)術，不(bu)(bu)僅僅是(shi)一種清潔能(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)(fang)式，相比風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)光伏(fu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，還額外具備儲能(neng)特性(xing)，具有容量效益(yi)、提供備用與(yu)調峰等(deng)靈活性(xing)服務的(de)效益(yi)等(deng)。光熱(re)(re)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)在未(wei)來應定位為(wei)“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)重要(yao)的(de)清潔靈活性(xing)資(zi)源”，是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)邁向更高比例可再(zai)(zai)生能(neng)源并網的(de)不(bu)(bu)可或缺的(de)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)形式。

目前光熱(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)角色(se)定位需要在政府(fu)與產(chan)(chan)業(ye)界產(chan)(chan)生更廣泛的(de)共識。隨著光熱(re)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)規(gui)模的(de)擴(kuo)大，光熱(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)工程投(tou)資將(jiang)(jiang)會得到顯著的(de)下降，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)成本將(jiang)(jiang)可以進(jin)一(yi)步降低。另一(yi)方面，通過對(dui)靈活性(xing)、輔助服務等(deng)補償機制(zhi)的(de)完善，光熱(re)的(de)技術經(jing)濟潛力將(jiang)(jiang)被(bei)充(chong)分發(fa)掘，在高比例(li)可再生能源電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)中的(de)競爭(zheng)力將(jiang)(jiang)不斷擴(kuo)大。

（二(er)）保持光熱電(dian)價補貼，支持光熱產(chan)業快(kuai)速發展

我國(guo)對風(feng)力(li)(li)發(fa)電(dian)和光(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)電(dian)進行電(dian)價補貼(tie)已經(jing)超過10年，對兩者的標桿電(dian)價補貼(tie)也持續(xu)了5至10年才(cai)開始(shi)逐(zhu)漸退坡。正是由(you)于政府(fu)對風(feng)電(dian)光(guang)(guang)伏的大力(li)(li)支(zhi)持，我國(guo)才(cai)形成(cheng)(cheng)產學(xue)研的持續(xu)發(fa)力(li)(li)、風(feng)光(guang)(guang)裝機(ji)快(kuai)速增長的發(fa)展局(ju)面。風(feng)電(dian)光(guang)(guang)伏產業鏈快(kuai)速成(cheng)(cheng)熟，制造成(cheng)(cheng)本逐(zhu)步下降，有(you)力(li)(li)支(zhi)撐(cheng)了我國(guo)高比例可再生能源(yuan)電(dian)力(li)(li)系統的迅猛發(fa)展，未來也即將具備平(ping)價上(shang)網的條件。

光(guang)熱發電的技術特性優于(yu)(yu)光(guang)伏(fu)+儲能，且在高(gao)比(bi)例可再生能源(yuan)電力系統當中具有更優秀的表現，目前(qian)已有8座示范電站建成并網(wang)發電，總裝機僅為500兆瓦(wa)。由(you)于(yu)(yu)產業規(gui)模(mo)較小，光(guang)熱造價(jia)仍然較高(gao)，對光(guang)熱的標桿電價(jia)補貼退坡(po)不應操(cao)之(zhi)過急，參考風(feng)電與光(guang)伏(fu)電價(jia)補貼的退坡(po)軌跡，在一段(duan)時間(jian)內持(chi)續維持(chi)補貼水平(ping)，長線布局，緩慢退坡(po)，支持(chi)我(wo)國光(guang)熱產業的良性發展。

（三(san)）健全輔助(zhu)服(fu)務市(shi)場(chang)模式與價格(ge)機制，充(chong)分反映光熱發電對電力系統的貢獻

目(mu)前受限于較高的(de)(de)投資成本，光(guang)熱電(dian)(dian)站大(da)規模發(fa)展存在(zai)一定(ding)(ding)困難。無論是電(dian)(dian)網公司還是電(dian)(dian)力用戶，都需要穩定(ding)(ding)可靠、調節靈(ling)活的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力供應(ying)，而目(mu)前我國按照電(dian)(dian)源投資的(de)(de)基準收益率確定(ding)(ding)上(shang)網電(dian)(dian)價，這(zhe)種定(ding)(ding)價方式并不能(neng)反(fan)映電(dian)(dian)力品質的(de)(de)優劣，也無法反(fan)映出市(shi)場需求(qiu)。隨著(zhu)我國風電(dian)(dian)和光(guang)伏在(zai)系統中的(de)(de)占比增大(da)，這(zhe)一矛盾將(jiang)更加突出，這(zhe)使得包括光(guang)熱在(zai)內的(de)(de)參與調峰(feng)、調頻等輔助服(fu)務的(de)(de)機組容易出現虧(kui)損。

正如前文所述，如果(guo)充分考慮(lv)光(guang)熱的全(quan)方面(mian)技術經濟性(xing)(xing)，需要對光(guang)熱在電力系統中的貢(gong)獻進(jin)行合理補償，釋放促進(jin)靈活性(xing)(xing)電源發(fa)展的良好信號(hao)，進(jin)而保障光(guang)熱發(fa)電投資回收。

在目前已經開展電力(li)(li)市場試(shi)點工作的(de)地區(qu)，可(ke)以通過輔助服(fu)務(wu)市場的(de)方(fang)式，使(shi)光熱發(fa)電在輔助服(fu)務(wu)市場獲得收(shou)益。通過輔助服(fu)務(wu)補(bu)償機制，直觀地反(fan)映出各類型電源的(de)電力(li)(li)品(pin)質優劣，突出靈活(huo)性(xing)機組在可(ke)再生能源消納(na)、電力(li)(li)可(ke)靠供(gong)應、系(xi)統穩定性(xing)保障(zhang)等方(fang)面做(zuo)出巨(ju)大貢獻，進而彌補(bu)其較(jiao)高裝機成(cheng)本帶來的(de)缺陷。