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“雙碳”目(mu)標的(de)(de)確立為(wei)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)發展(zhan)按(an)下了加速鍵。2020年12月，我國在氣候雄心峰會上宣布，到(dao)(dao)2030年，風電(dian)、太(tai)陽能(neng)發電(dian)總裝機容量將(jiang)達到(dao)(dao)12億千瓦以上。然(ran)而(er)，新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)具有(you)隨機性(xing)和波動性(xing)，未來(lai)大規模、高(gao)比例新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)并(bing)網將(jiang)對電(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統規劃、運行帶來(lai)更大挑(tiao)戰。儲能(neng)作為(wei)優質的(de)(de)靈活調節資源(yuan)，可以在不(bu)同(tong)時間尺度提供(gong)多種價值的(de)(de)服務，必(bi)然(ran)伴(ban)隨著新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)發電(dian)同(tong)步發展(zhan)。當前，電(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統儲能(neng)已頗具規模，應(ying)用(yong)領域不(bu)斷(duan)擴展(zhan)，成為(wei)電(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統規劃、運行不(bu)可或缺的(de)(de)元素，相關的(de)(de)示范(fan)應(ying)用(yong)、價格機制、參與電(dian)力(li)(li)市場等應(ying)用(yong)和研究不(bu)斷(duan)深入。隨著儲能(neng)的(de)(de)快速發展(zhan)，與其相關的(de)(de)基礎性(xing)、原則性(xing)、角(jiao)色定位等問題還有(you)待明確。

儲能大規模應用的基礎性問題

一是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)概(gai)念需(xu)(xu)要(yao)明確。儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種類龐雜，國(guo)際電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工委(wei)員(yuan)會（IEC）對儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定義為(wei)：通(tong)過設(she)備或者(zhe)物理介質(zhi)，將能(neng)(neng)量(liang)存(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)起來(lai)，并在需(xu)(xu)要(yao)時釋(shi)放(fang)出(chu)來(lai)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)屬于二次能(neng)(neng)源，國(guo)內外(wai)尚未(wei)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)做出(chu)明確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定義，從功(gong)能(neng)(neng)上看，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)可以定義為(wei)：通(tong)過一種介質(zhi)或者(zhe)設(she)備，把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)存(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)起來(lai)，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)或功(gong)率支撐時，以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)式釋(shi)放(fang)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)循環過程(cheng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)特征應(ying)該(gai)是雙(shuang)向的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，基(ji)本(ben)形(xing)(xing)式為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，存(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)形(xing)(xing)式可以多樣化，通(tong)常所(suo)說的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)熱、儲(chu)(chu)(chu)氫、蓄冷(leng)等最終以熱、氫、冷(leng)形(xing)(xing)式釋(shi)放(fang)更適合歸為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力負荷(he)。

二(er)是(shi)電(dian)力(li)系統儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的單位表(biao)述應更加準(zhun)(zhun)確(que)。傳統電(dian)力(li)設(she)施(shi)(shi)的裝(zhuang)機容(rong)量(liang)(liang)通常以功(gong)率來表(biao)征，如(ru)瓦、千(qian)瓦。然而儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)與(yu)(yu)常規(gui)電(dian)力(li)設(she)施(shi)(shi)不(bu)同，不(bu)僅具有(you)電(dian)力(li)屬性還具有(you)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)屬性，二(er)者(zhe)不(bu)可分離，缺失(shi)任何一個參數都不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)準(zhun)(zhun)確(que)表(biao)達(da)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的基本性能(neng)(neng)(neng)。目前(qian)，對儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)單位的描述比較混亂，如(ru)諸(zhu)多資料將儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)描述為(wei)千(qian)瓦時或者(zhe)兆瓦時等能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)單位，與(yu)(yu)電(dian)力(li)系統裝(zhuang)機容(rong)量(liang)(liang)定義相反。因此(ci)，電(dian)力(li)系統儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)無論從裝(zhuang)機、規(gui)模、還是(shi)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)上看(kan)都應該同時標稱電(dian)力(li)和(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)兩個參數。

三是(shi)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)領域(yu)的(de)合理(li)劃分有(you)利(li)于(yu)分類施策。儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)領域(yu)廣闊，涵蓋(gai)了(le)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統發(fa)(fa)輸配用(yong)(yong)各個環節，從(cong)功(gong)能(neng)特(te)征來(lai)看(kan)，包括(kuo)調峰、調頻、備(bei)用(yong)(yong)、延緩輸配電(dian)(dian)網(wang)改(gai)造等(deng)；從(cong)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)場景來(lai)看(kan)，包括(kuo)新能(neng)源(yuan)并網(wang)、輔(fu)助服務(wu)、火電(dian)(dian)機組(zu)配置(zhi)(zhi)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)、戶用(yong)(yong)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)等(deng)。在美國，一般采用(yong)(yong)表(biao)(biao)前（Front of the Meter，FTM）和表(biao)(biao)后（Behind the Meter，BTM）對儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)進行區(qu)分，美國儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)協會定義表(biao)(biao)前儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)連接到輸配電(dian)(dian)網(wang)或發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)資產，可獨(du)立參(can)加批發(fa)(fa)市場；表(biao)(biao)后主(zhu)要(yao)在商業、工業或居民用(yong)(yong)戶表(biao)(biao)計(ji)之后，主(zhu)要(yao)參(can)與零售交易(yi)。從(cong)我國當前電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)管理(li)體制(zhi)出發(fa)(fa)，按電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)側(ce)、電(dian)(dian)網(wang)側(ce)、用(yong)(yong)戶側(ce)分類相對清晰，其中電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)側(ce)主(zhu)要(yao)為(wei)各類電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)表(biao)(biao)計(ji)之前配置(zhi)(zhi)的(de)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)，電(dian)(dian)網(wang)側(ce)主(zhu)要(yao)為(wei)接入公(gong)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)，用(yong)(yong)戶側(ce)主(zhu)要(yao)為(wei)用(yong)(yong)戶表(biao)(biao)計(ji)之后配置(zhi)(zhi)的(de)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)。合理(li)劃分儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)有(you)利(li)于(yu)分類施策、分類管理(li)。

四(si)是電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)身份(fen)和(he)(he)屬性(xing)宜明確(que)認定。儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)具有(you)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)、放電(dian)(dian)特(te)性(xing)，具有(you)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)和(he)(he)負荷的(de)雙重屬性(xing)，對儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)身份(fen)和(he)(he)屬性(xing)的(de)認定直(zhi)接關(guan)(guan)系(xi)到儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)應用。如2017年，英國(guo)發(fa)(fa)布“英國(guo)智能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)靈活能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)系(xi)統(tong)發(fa)(fa)展戰略”對儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)進行(xing)(xing)了明確(que)定義，將(jiang)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)市場(chang)身份(fen)由此前歸屬的(de)終端負荷改為發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)，由此結束了對儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)和(he)(he)放電(dian)(dian)的(de)雙重收費(fei)。目前，電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)側、用戶側儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)身份(fen)界定相對明確(que)，對于接入公用電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，其電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)、負荷屬性(xing)尚需明確(que)，這直(zhi)接關(guan)(guan)系(xi)到該類儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)應當履行(xing)(xing)的(de)責任、并(bing)網(wang)管理、調度運行(xing)(xing)以及(ji)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)政策(ce)等(deng)，具體作(zuo)為單一(yi)身份(fen)或者(zhe)雙重身份(fen)可根(gen)據管理要求加以確(que)定。

高比例新能源電力系統中儲能的應用

從(cong)規劃方(fang)面看(kan)，保障(zhang)高比例新能(neng)源電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)的電(dian)(dian)力可(ke)靠供應和(he)安全穩定運(yun)(yun)行(xing)宜按各(ge)類靈(ling)(ling)(ling)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)資源必(bi)要(yao)性(xing)(xing)、安全性(xing)(xing)、經(jing)濟性(xing)(xing)排序，合理制定儲(chu)能(neng)發展(zhan)規模。儲(chu)能(neng)雖然可(ke)以廣泛(fan)應用于(yu)電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)各(ge)個環節，但從(cong)功能(neng)和(he)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)上看(kan)具(ju)有可(ke)替代性(xing)(xing)。靈(ling)(ling)(ling)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)資源主要(yao)包(bao)括：燃(ran)煤機組(zu)、燃(ran)氣機組(zu)、抽水蓄(xu)能(neng)、電(dian)(dian)化學(xue)儲(chu)能(neng)、電(dian)(dian)網輸電(dian)(dian)通道、需方(fang)響應資源等。當前，儲(chu)能(neng)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)仍然不(bu)具(ju)備競爭(zheng)力。在進行(xing)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)資源規劃時，應與新能(neng)源和(he)傳統(tong)電(dian)(dian)源協調發展(zhan)，優先挖(wa)掘存(cun)量靈(ling)(ling)(ling)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)資源潛力，加快推動火電(dian)(dian)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)改造(zao)、需求側響應、通道靈(ling)(ling)(ling)活(huo)(huo)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)等見(jian)效快、成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)低、影響范圍廣的措施，在現有靈(ling)(ling)(ling)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)資源不(bu)能(neng)滿足系(xi)統(tong)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)需要(yao)時可(ke)新增電(dian)(dian)化學(xue)儲(chu)能(neng)等，實現規模、結構和(he)布局的綜合優化。

從調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)運行方面看(kan)，接入公(gong)用電(dian)網(wang)(wang)的儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)系統(tong)應參考(kao)傳統(tong)發電(dian)機(ji)組(zu)實行“統(tong)一調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)、分級管理”。在按照儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)裝機(ji)規模進行分級管理、分級調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)的基礎上，可分場景、分目(mu)標實行儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)優(you)先(xian)(xian)(xian)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)。考(kao)慮電(dian)網(wang)(wang)整體運行效率及局部(bu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)節需求，用于(yu)保(bao)障(zhang)局部(bu)尖峰(feng)供(gong)電(dian)、緩解線路設備過載(zai)、保(bao)障(zhang)配電(dian)網(wang)(wang)供(gong)電(dian)可靠性等(deng)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)的儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)由地(di)調(diao)(diao)(diao)（縣調(diao)(diao)(diao)）優(you)先(xian)(xian)(xian)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)；用于(yu)系統(tong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻、調(diao)(diao)(diao)峰(feng)以及電(dian)網(wang)(wang)暫(zan)態控(kong)制(zhi)的儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)由省(sheng)調(diao)(diao)(diao)優(you)先(xian)(xian)(xian)控(kong)制(zhi)；用于(yu)跨省(sheng)跨區調(diao)(diao)(diao)峰(feng)、保(bao)障(zhang)直流(liu)輸電(dian)等(deng)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)的儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)可由網(wang)(wang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)優(you)先(xian)(xian)(xian)控(kong)制(zhi)。

從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)建設(she)方面看，秉持(chi)技術中(zhong)立(li)，建立(li)公(gong)平(ping)(ping)的(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)參(can)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)準(zhun)入(ru)規則。對于能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)通過市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)盈利的(de)(de)應用(yong)領域，應建立(li)和(he)完善市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)機制，確立(li)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)主(zhu)體地位，給予儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)與市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)其他主(zhu)體同臺競(jing)(jing)爭的(de)(de)公(gong)平(ping)(ping)環境(jing)。市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)建設(she)也并(bing)非一蹴而就，如2018年美國(guo)聯邦能(neng)(neng)源管理(li)委員(yuan)會(hui)（FERC）發布841號(hao)法令，目的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)消除(chu)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)進(jin)(jin)入(ru)容量(liang)、能(neng)(neng)量(liang)和(he)輔助(zhu)服務市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)障(zhang)礙，法令發布后遭到了(le)全美公(gong)用(yong)事業監管委員(yuan)協會(hui)（NARUC）、愛迪生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力研究所等機構上訴，經過兩(liang)(liang)年多的(de)(de)時間才得以通過。英(ying)國(guo)從2016年開始(shi)允許(xu)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)在內的(de)(de)新興儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)參(can)與容量(liang)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)競(jing)(jing)拍，經過兩(liang)(liang)輪拍賣后，由于市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)歧視問題，歐洲法院裁定暫停英(ying)國(guo)容量(liang)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)競(jing)(jing)拍。不過，儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)進(jin)(jin)入(ru)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)趨勢是(shi)(shi)不變的(de)(de)。2020年10月，FERC發布2222號(hao)法令，允許(xu)分(fen)布式光伏(fu)、用(yong)戶(hu)側儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車和(he)智能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器等各類分(fen)布式資源進(jin)(jin)入(ru)批發市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)。我(wo)國(guo)中(zhong)長期電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)、部分(fen)現貨市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)、調頻輔助(zhu)服務市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)、絕(jue)大數(shu)調峰(feng)輔助(zhu)服務市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)均(jun)將儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)納入(ru)交易市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)成員(yuan)。

從安(an)(an)全(quan)管理(li)方(fang)(fang)面看，高度重視(shi)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)消(xiao)防(fang)(fang)安(an)(an)全(quan)，將(jiang)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)設(she)備(bei)列為特定(ding)消(xiao)防(fang)(fang)對象(xiang)。全(quan)球儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)站火災事故統計顯示，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)芯缺(que)陷(xian)以(yi)及電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)管理(li)系(xi)統的(de)不可靠(kao)是導致(zhi)事故的(de)主要原因，隨著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)老(lao)化、環境(jing)變化，以(yi)鋰(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)為代表(biao)的(de)部(bu)分電(dian)(dian)化學儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)系(xi)統發(fa)(fa)生火災的(de)風險(xian)一(yi)直存在(zai)并可能(neng)持續(xu)提升。一(yi)方(fang)(fang)面，制(zhi)定(ding)并實施(shi)嚴格的(de)標(biao)準和(he)檢測(ce)規范可大大降(jiang)低火災事故發(fa)(fa)生概率，如美(mei)國儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)系(xi)統和(he)設(she)備(bei)的(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)標(biao)準UL9540，以(yi)及評價儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)系(xi)統熱失控(kong)擴散危(wei)險(xian)性(xing)和(he)消(xiao)防(fang)(fang)措施(shi)有(you)效性(xing)的(de)大規模火燒測(ce)試標(biao)準UL9540A等，對儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)參數、間距、通風、產生的(de)熱量和(he)氣體等方(fang)(fang)面進行了規范。另一(yi)方(fang)(fang)面，構建(jian)電(dian)(dian)力儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)安(an)(an)全(quan)管理(li)體系(xi)，將(jiang)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)設(she)備(bei)劃定(ding)為特定(ding)消(xiao)防(fang)(fang)對象(xiang)，制(zhi)定(ding)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)滅(mie)火的(de)標(biao)準操作程序等。

新能源配置儲能的發展趨勢

自(zi)2020年開始，河南、內蒙古、遼(liao)寧、湖南等(deng)(deng)省份(fen)均提(ti)出了(le)優先支(zhi)(zhi)持配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)(zhi)儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)電項目。隨(sui)著(zhu)國家“碳達峰、碳中和”目標(biao)的(de)提(ti)出，各(ge)省加(jia)大了(le)對新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)場站配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)(zhi)儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)支(zhi)(zhi)持力度，山(shan)東、海南、貴州、寧夏等(deng)(deng)省份(fen)在2021年風電、光(guang)伏項目競爭性(xing)配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)(zhi)辦法(fa)中明確要求配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)(zhi)一定容量的(de)儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)設(she)(she)施(shi)，新(xin)疆、廣西、江(jiang)西等(deng)(deng)省份(fen)優先支(zhi)(zhi)持承(cheng)諾配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)(zhi)儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)設(she)(she)施(shi)的(de)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)電站開發(fa)。儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)伴隨(sui)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)的(de)發(fa)展而發(fa)展，從最初的(de)鼓(gu)勵配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)(zhi)儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)到當前的(de)要求配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)(zhi)儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，隨(sui)著(zhu)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)并網(wang)比(bi)例的(de)提(ti)升，預計越來越多的(de)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)將(jiang)自(zi)發(fa)配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)(zhi)儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)或購買儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)相關服(fu)務。

一是配(pei)(pei)置儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)可(ke)降(jiang)低(di)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的系(xi)統成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)。近(jin)年(nian)來，隨著新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)接入電(dian)(dian)(dian)網的比例提升，新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)系(xi)統成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)逐(zhu)漸(jian)被(bei)關(guan)注。新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)系(xi)統成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)一般認為是新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)接入后相(xiang)較于無新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)系(xi)統額外增(zeng)加的投資(zi)及(ji)運行成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)，包(bao)括備用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)配(pei)(pei)置成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)、平衡成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)網成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)等。初步研究顯示，新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量滲透率超過15%后，系(xi)統成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)進入快速增(zeng)長臨界點。風電(dian)(dian)(dian)、光伏不再享受中央財政補貼后，為提高上網競爭力，可(ke)通過配(pei)(pei)置儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)有效提升新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的可(ke)調(diao)度性，降(jiang)低(di)系(xi)統成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)。

二(er)是(shi)配置儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)是(shi)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)履(lv)行(xing)(xing)系統(tong)(tong)責(ze)任的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)技術路徑。構建(jian)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)為主體的(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)，需要(yao)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)承擔作為主力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)系統(tong)(tong)責(ze)任，2019年修(xiu)訂頒布的(de)(de)(de)《電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)安全穩(wen)定標準(zhun)(zhun)》由電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)行(xing)(xing)業標準(zhun)(zhun)升級為國(guo)家標準(zhun)(zhun)，提出新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)場站(zhan)(zhan)應提高調(diao)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)力(li)，必要(yao)時(shi)應配置燃氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)、抽水蓄能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)、儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)等靈活調(diao)節(jie)(jie)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)。部分省(sheng)份已經要(yao)求新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)機組(zu)具備一(yi)次調(diao)頻等常規機組(zu)具備的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)力(li)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)同(tong)質化(hua)是(shi)未來發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)趨(qu)勢(shi)。新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)配置儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)可有(you)效履(lv)行(xing)(xing)系統(tong)(tong)責(ze)任，減少考核，避(bi)免(mian)預(yu)留(liu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)。

三是(shi)配置儲能(neng)可(ke)有效提(ti)(ti)升新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)參與(yu)(yu)現(xian)(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)盈(ying)利水平。由于(yu)新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)具有隨機性，難以實時跟(gen)隨現(xian)(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)波(bo)動調(diao)整發電(dian)(dian)出力(li)，實現(xian)(xian)利益最大(da)化。通過配置儲能(neng)可(ke)靈活(huo)參與(yu)(yu)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)并(bing)提(ti)(ti)升履約能(neng)力(li)，在(zai)現(xian)(xian)貨(huo)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)低或者未能(neng)出清情況下給(gei)儲能(neng)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，在(zai)現(xian)(xian)貨(huo)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)時放電(dian)(dian)獲得收(shou)益。如澳大(da)利亞(ya)現(xian)(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)波(bo)動劇烈，限價(jia)(jia)范圍大(da)，新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)場(chang)站(zhan)通常配置大(da)容量儲能(neng)裝置，如315兆(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)瓦(wa)(wa)的Hornsdale風電(dian)(dian)場(chang)，2017年(nian)配置了(le)100兆(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)瓦(wa)(wa)/129兆(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)瓦(wa)(wa)時的特(te)斯拉電(dian)(dian)池，2019年(nian)，儲能(neng)擴(kuo)展(zhan)到150兆(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)瓦(wa)(wa)/194兆(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)瓦(wa)(wa)時。儲能(neng)充(chong)分利用(yong)了(le)新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)邊(bian)際成(cheng)本低的特(te)點(dian)，在(zai)現(xian)(xian)貨(huo)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)低時充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，在(zai)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)高(gao)峰現(xian)(xian)貨(huo)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)時放電(dian)(dian)，極大(da)提(ti)(ti)升了(le)新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的盈(ying)利能(neng)力(li)。

高比(bi)(bi)例新能源電力系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的儲能應用由成本、技術、市場、管理等多(duo)項因(yin)素綜合決(jue)定，是一個不斷(duan)(duan)探索、不斷(duan)(duan)調整、不斷(duan)(duan)豐富的過程，契合電力系(xi)統(tong)(tong)運行需求，找(zhao)準(zhun)功能定位，將在高比(bi)(bi)例新能源電力系(xi)統(tong)(tong)中扮演越來越重要的角色(se)。