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引言：

煤電(dian)(dian)容量電(dian)(dian)價政(zheng)策的(de)(de)實施，預(yu)示著熔鹽(yan)儲能(neng)技術將(jiang)(jiang)成(cheng)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場(chang)的(de)(de)新動(dong)力(li)源泉。兩部制電(dian)(dian)價的(de)(de)推(tui)行不僅將(jiang)(jiang)激發電(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場(chang)的(de)(de)新活(huo)力(li)，還將(jiang)(jiang)促(cu)使(shi)火電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組的(de)(de)運營模式和(he)能(neng)效標(biao)準迎來根(gen)本性變革(ge)。在這(zhe)一大(da)背景下，熔鹽(yan)儲能(neng)系統將(jiang)(jiang)扮演關鍵角色，既提(ti)升火電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組的(de)(de)靈活(huo)性和(he)效率(lv)，又為(wei)可(ke)再生能(neng)源的(de)(de)融入和(he)利用提(ti)供強有力(li)的(de)(de)支撐。

近日，國家(jia)(jia)發展和改革委(wei)員會與國家(jia)(jia)能源局聯合發布(bu)《關于建立煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)機制(zhi)的通知》（簡稱《通知》），宣布(bu)自2024年1月(yue)1日起，在(zai)全國范(fan)圍內正式實(shi)施(shi)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)機制(zhi)，推行(xing)對煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)的兩部(bu)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)政策(ce)。在(zai)這一新機制(zhi)下，電(dian)(dian)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)將繼(ji)續(xu)通過市(shi)場化機制(zhi)形成，靈活地反映電(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場的供需(xu)關系及(ji)燃料成本的變(bian)化；而容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)的水平則將依據電(dian)(dian)力(li)行(xing)業(ye)轉型的實(shi)際進度等因素合理設定，并將根據需(xu)要進行(xing)逐步調整。

《通知(zhi)》的頒布標志著(zhu)我國在實現“雙碳”目標的道路(lu)上邁出了堅(jian)實的一步，它為可再(zai)生能源電力更大(da)規模地并網提供了堅(jian)實的技術和(he)經濟(ji)基礎，展(zhan)(zhan)示了國家(jia)在能源結構優(you)化和(he)清潔能源發展(zhan)(zhan)上的堅(jian)定決心。

政策解讀：

煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)容量(liang)電(dian)價(jia)機(ji)制是一(yi)種(zhong)旨在更精確反映(ying)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)站(zhan)運(yun)營成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)電(dian)價(jia)結構。要理解(jie)這(zhe)一(yi)政策(ce)，我們(men)需要從煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)的(de)經(jing)營成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)著手(shou)。在這(zhe)次公布的(de)機(ji)制中，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)經(jing)營成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)包(bao)括(kuo)了折舊費、人工費、修理費、財務費等(deng)固定(ding)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)，以及(ji)燃煤(mei)(mei)(mei)等(deng)變(bian)動(dong)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)。在電(dian)力市(shi)場較為成(cheng)(cheng)熟的(de)國(guo)家(jia)，通常實行的(de)是兩部制電(dian)價(jia)，這(zhe)種(zhong)結構下的(de)容量(liang)電(dian)價(jia)主要用于回(hui)收(shou)電(dian)廠的(de)固定(ding)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)，而電(dian)量(liang)電(dian)價(jia)則主要用于回(hui)收(shou)變(bian)動(dong)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)。然而，在我國(guo)，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)長期以來實行的(de)是單一(yi)制電(dian)價(jia)，這(zhe)意味著煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)站(zhan)只(zhi)有在發(fa)電(dian)時才能回(hui)收(shou)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)。

兩部制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價政策旨在公(gong)平有效(xiao)(xiao)地分攤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力成本(ben)，鼓勵電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力行業朝著高(gao)(gao)效(xiao)(xiao)環保方向發展(zhan)。通過區分固定(ding)成本(ben)和變動成本(ben)，更準確地反映(ying)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站運(yun)營情(qing)況(kuang)，提高(gao)(gao)效(xiao)(xiao)率，減少浪費，穩定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場，為可(ke)再(zai)生能源和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統的可(ke)持續發展(zhan)提供清晰價格信號。

這一政策背后有兩大關鍵考慮：

首(shou)先，國內(nei)新能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)快速增長，需(xu)要更(geng)多(duo)支持(chi)(chi)性(xing)(xing)的(de)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)基(ji)礎性(xing)(xing)支撐調(diao)(diao)節，以滿足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統的(de)調(diao)(diao)節需(xu)求。新能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)具(ju)有波動(dong)性(xing)(xing)，需(xu)要更(geng)多(duo)調(diao)(diao)節性(xing)(xing)資源(yuan)(yuan)，而煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)具(ju)有低(di)成(cheng)本和可調(diao)(diao)節性(xing)(xing)，適合提供充(chong)裕的(de)調(diao)(diao)節能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)。煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)在平時可為新能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)讓出空間，在高峰時刻繼續(xu)提供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)支持(chi)(chi)，促進新能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)展。其(qi)次，現(xian)行(xing)單一(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)難以充(chong)分(fen)體現(xian)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)支撐調(diao)(diao)節價(jia)值(zhi)。因此，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企業需(xu)要更(geng)好地回收成(cheng)本，支持(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統的(de)安全運行(xing)。實(shi)施煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)機制，通過容量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)回收固定成(cheng)本，有助(zhu)于穩固煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)業，提供新能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)展所需(xu)的(de)支持(chi)(chi)。這一(yi)舉(ju)措不(bu)僅支持(chi)(chi)新能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)規模(mo)擴大，還推(tui)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統向(xiang)更(geng)環保和可持(chi)(chi)續(xu)的(de)方(fang)向(xiang)轉變。

總(zong)的(de)(de)來(lai)說，煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價機(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)的(de)(de)實施在(zai)多方面有益，既穩固了(le)(le)(le)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)行業(ye)，也(ye)支持了(le)(le)(le)新能源(yuan)發展(zhan)，促進了(le)(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)向綠(lv)色低碳方向的(de)(de)轉型。容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價的(de)(de)推出(chu)(chu)旨在(zai)激勵火電(dian)(dian)行業(ye)提升其電(dian)(dian)網容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)備(bei)用(yong)能力(li)，同時(shi)也(ye)鼓(gu)勵火電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)進行必(bi)要的(de)(de)靈(ling)活性改造。然(ran)而(er)，獲(huo)得容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價的(de)(de)資格并(bing)非易事(shi)。伴隨這一政(zheng)策的(de)(de)發布，還(huan)出(chu)(chu)臺了(le)(le)(le)一系(xi)(xi)列配套措施，其中包括了(le)(le)(le)明(ming)確的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)費(fei)考核機(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)：若煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)無法遵循調度指令提供其申報的(de)(de)最大出(chu)(chu)力(li)，將根(gen)據(ju)違(wei)規次數(shu)扣減其容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)費(fei)；對于多次出(chu)(chu)力(li)未達標(biao)并(bing)被(bei)扣減容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)費(fei)的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)，將取消其獲(huo)取容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)費(fei)的(de)(de)資格。這表(biao)明(ming)，容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)費(fei)的(de)(de)獲(huo)得不僅要求(qiu)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)提供必(bi)要的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)備(bei)用(yong)，同時(shi)也(ye)對機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)在(zai)負荷調峰深(shen)度、響應速率、爬坡率等方面的(de)(de)能力(li)提出(chu)(chu)了(le)(le)(le)嚴格的(de)(de)考驗。

熔鹽儲能系統：加強火電靈活性，成就電力市場的新引擎

為(wei)了實現新型電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統的構(gou)建(jian)，新能源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)網輸配電(dian)(dian)(dian)、火(huo)力(li)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)均(jun)要完成現有體(ti)系(xi)的轉(zhuan)型。作為(wei)我國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)供應(ying)“壓(ya)艙石”的火(huo)力(li)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組，更(geng)是(shi)要起(qi)到既(ji)能靈活(huo)給(gei)新能源電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)讓(rang)路、又(you)能快速、穩(wen)定保障電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統穩(wen)定的作用。今后，我國(guo)火(huo)力(li)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組目標從過去的“高效+清潔(jie)”，徹底轉(zhuan)變(bian)轉(zhuan)變(bian)為(wei)“靈活(huo)+低碳”，給(gei)現有火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組提(ti)出(chu)了嚴峻(jun)的挑戰。

給火電(dian)機組(zu)配(pei)置儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)系統(tong)，是有效提高機組(zu)靈活性(xing)的方法，在現(xian)行的儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)術中，抽水蓄能(neng)(neng)(neng)最為成熟、經濟(ji)性(xing)最優，但抽水蓄能(neng)(neng)(neng)需要(yao)有天然(ran)的水位差，有極大的地理位置限制；同樣受(shou)到地理位置限制的還有壓(ya)縮空氣儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)；電(dian)化學儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)是人(ren)們最熟悉(xi)的一(yi)種儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)形式，但電(dian)化學儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)也存在大規模(mo)應用(yong)的難點(dian)：容(rong)量和(he)功率強耦合，同時電(dian)化學儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的成本(ben)(ben)依然(ran)昂貴，且電(dian)池衰減問題也會進一(yi)步增大儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)經濟(ji)成本(ben)(ben)和(he)系統(tong)不穩定性(xing)。

各類儲能技術對比：

熔鹽(yan)儲能(neng)系統是利用(yong)熔鹽(yan)的(de)顯熱儲熱能(neng)力(li)，儲存機組(zu)過剩的(de)電(dian)能(neng)，熔鹽(yan)的(de)使用(yong)溫(wen)度(du)在200-565℃之間。電(dian)廠的(de)主要產品(pin)是電(dian)能(neng)和蒸(zheng)汽，其中用(yong)于機組(zu)電(dian)力(li)生產的(de)蒸(zheng)汽溫(wen)度(du)在250℃-560℃之間，對外供應蒸(zheng)汽溫(wen)度(du)一般(ban)在250~400℃，熔鹽(yan)與蒸(zheng)汽的(de)溫(wen)度(du)區(qu)間適配性非(fei)常好。

在低負荷電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)時段，利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)(jia)熱(re)設備加(jia)(jia)熱(re)低溫(wen)熔(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)，將過剩電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)以(yi)熱(re)能(neng)(neng)形式儲(chu)存(cun)(cun)，以(yi)此增加(jia)(jia)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)調峰深度；在電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)需求高峰期，高溫(wen)熔(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)儲(chu)存(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)量可(ke)以(yi)產生高溫(wen)蒸汽，輔助機(ji)組(zu)(zu)生產或(huo)完成對外(wai)供(gong)熱(re)任(ren)務，此外(wai)，通過調整電(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)(jia)熱(re)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸入功率，可(ke)以(yi)實現(xian)火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)網調頻(pin)(pin)指令的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)靈活響應(ying)。利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)(jia)熱(re)裝置和熔(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結合，不(bu)僅(jin)顯(xian)著提(ti)升了(le)(le)火(huo)力(li)(li)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)單元適應(ying)大規(gui)模可(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)源并網的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深度調峰能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)，還增加(jia)(jia)了(le)(le)火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)運(yun)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)靈活性，加(jia)(jia)強了(le)(le)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)實時響應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網調頻(pin)(pin)、轉動(dong)慣量支撐等輔助服務的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)。熔(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)引入有(you)效(xiao)促進了(le)(le)火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)實現(xian)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)耦，助力(li)(li)火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)以(yi)更(geng)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質量和更(geng)優(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟效(xiao)益完成靈活性改造，從(cong)而進一步提(ti)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全穩定運(yun)行和可(ke)靠(kao)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)。

熔(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)技術(shu)是(shi)目(mu)前一種成(cheng)熟應(ying)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)能(neng)(neng)(neng)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)技術(shu)，其(qi)具(ju)備(bei)(bei)大(da)規(gui)模長(chang)時(shi)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)，且(qie)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)建設對地形(xing)、環(huan)境均無(wu)特殊要求。借助硝酸鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)等鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)類熔(rong)化后形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)融體作(zuo)(zuo)為介質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)技術(shu)，通(tong)過熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)能(neng)(neng)(neng)與(yu)熔(rong)融鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)內能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)換實(shi)現能(neng)(neng)(neng)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存儲(chu)(chu)和釋(shi)放。熔(rong)融鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)儲(chu)(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)具(ju)備(bei)(bei)了溫(wen)度(du)(du)高、傳熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)好、比熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)容大(da)、熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)穩定性(xing)好等優點，與(yu)其(qi)他儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)技術(shu)相比具(ju)有(you)很大(da)優越性(xing)，且(qie)熔(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)易(yi)于(yu)獲取，具(ju)有(you)良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟性(xing)。系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)整體運行(xing)壽命可達30年，且(qie)對周圍環(huan)境不會(hui)造成(cheng)任何危害(hai)。在光熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)領域已經取得成(cheng)功運行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經驗，如(ru)青海中控德(de)令哈50MW塔式光熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項目(mu)配(pei)備(bei)(bei)了50 MW/350MWh的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)7h的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)，自2021年8月6日（汽輪機(ji)完成(cheng)整改(gai)后）至(zhi)2022年8月5日，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)完整年度(du)(du)累計實(shi)際發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量達到了1.58億千瓦時(shi)。國外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)應(ying)用(yong)案例也很多，如(ru)美(mei)國Crescent Dunes電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)（110MW，全(quan)球首個百MW級(ji)塔式熔(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)），摩洛(luo)哥(ge)NOOR 3電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)（150MW，全(quan)球最(zui)大(da)單機(ji)容量塔式光熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)）、阿(a)聯酋迪拜太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)園區第(di)四(si)期700MW光熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項目(mu)等。據此來看，熔(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)儲(chu)(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)所具(ju)備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)規(gui)模長(chang)時(shi)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、無(wu)地理條件限(xian)制、運行(xing)穩定、可參與(yu)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組深度(du)(du)調峰、調頻等電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網輔助服務，非(fei)常(chang)適合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)為熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)力發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組所配(pei)備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)規(gui)模儲(chu)(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)。

結語：

時代的(de)(de)洪流滾(gun)滾(gun)前行，過往已逝(shi)，未(wei)來(lai)將至。在我(wo)國邁向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)“雙碳(tan)”目標的(de)(de)征程(cheng)中，電(dian)力(li)系統正經歷(li)著深刻的(de)(de)轉型。在這(zhe)一(yi)變革的(de)(de)關鍵時刻，熔鹽(yan)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)技術以其對火(huo)電(dian)機組(zu)靈活(huo)性改(gai)造的(de)(de)卓越適配能(neng)(neng)力(li)脫穎而出，為我(wo)國電(dian)力(li)市場向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)綠色、低碳(tan)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)轉型注入動(dong)力(li)源泉！