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作為能源轉型中的重要角色，我國新能源的發展始終呈現出亮點與痛點并存的狀態：得益于國家政策的支持和技術創新，我國近十年來新能源發展迅猛，風電、光伏發電裝機容量已穩居全球首位；與此同時，“雙棄”問題棘手難辦，新能源長期依賴補貼等現象已是沉疴痼疾。

近日(ri)，國(guo)(guo)家發(fa)展改(gai)革委(wei)、國(guo)(guo)家能(neng)源局(ju)(ju)公(gong)(gong)布《關于(yu)積極推進風(feng)(feng)電(dian)、光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)無(wu)補貼平價(jia)上(shang)(shang)網有(you)關工(gong)作的通(tong)(tong)知》（以(yi)下簡稱《通(tong)(tong)知》），“風(feng)(feng)光(guang)平價(jia)上(shang)(shang)網時代”加速到來。從《通(tong)(tong)知》明確的八項(xiang)措施來看，電(dian)網企業(ye)在風(feng)(feng)光(guang)平價(jia)上(shang)(shang)網中將扮演重要(yao)角色(se)。如(ru)何保障新能(neng)源消納，種種疑(yi)慮亦為(wei)業(ye)界所關注(zhu)。為(wei)此(ci)，本刊(kan)記者(zhe)專(zhuan)訪國(guo)(guo)家電(dian)網公(gong)(gong)司發(fa)展策(ce)劃部副主任（正局(ju)(ju)級）劉勁松，詳談(tan)電(dian)網企業(ye)如(ru)何配合政策(ce)落地(di)。

消納預期：國網區域內“雙棄”率不超過5%的控制目標

“十(shi)三五”以來，我國(guo)(guo)新能源(yuan)技術水(shui)平不斷提高，規(gui)模持(chi)(chi)續(xu)擴大，開發(fa)(fa)建設成本持(chi)(chi)續(xu)降低，累計裝機規(gui)模超過3.5億千瓦(wa)，已(yi)成為(wei)全球風電(dian)、光伏(fu)裝機最大的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)，是排(pai)名第二位美國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)2倍(bei)多。在(zai)多種因(yin)素的(de)(de)共同作用下，新能源(yuan)項目的(de)(de)經濟性穩步(bu)提升(sheng)，在(zai)部分(fen)地(di)區已(yi)經具備了平價(jia)上網(wang)和(he)(he)低價(jia)上網(wang)試點(dian)的(de)(de)基(ji)礎。國(guo)(guo)家(jia)能源(yuan)局(ju)積極探索新能源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)新模式，適時推出平價(jia)上網(wang)和(he)(he)低價(jia)上網(wang)試點(dian)，推動風電(dian)、光伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)高質(zhi)量發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。國(guo)(guo)家(jia)電(dian)網(wang)公司一直把服務(wu)新能源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)作為(wei)一項重(zhong)大社(she)會責任，將認(ren)真貫徹落實(shi)好國(guo)(guo)家(jia)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)改(gai)革委、國(guo)(guo)家(jia)能源(yuan)局(ju)關于(yu)平價(jia)上網(wang)和(he)(he)低價(jia)上網(wang)的(de)(de)各項部署，確保試點(dian)的(de)(de)順(shun)利實(shi)施。

《通知》對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網企(qi)業服務新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源發(fa)(fa)展方(fang)面(mian)提(ti)出的要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)有如下幾個(ge)方(fang)面(mian)。一是(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網企(qi)業按照國(guo)家能(neng)(neng)源局明確(que)(que)的各省區棄電(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)控制目(mu)(mu)(mu)標，做好消(xiao)納(na)能(neng)(neng)力研究(jiu)分析，以電(dian)(dian)(dian)網消(xiao)納(na)能(neng)(neng)力作為(wei)配置項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)前提(ti)條件，為(wei)地(di)方(fang)能(neng)(neng)源主(zhu)管(guan)部門規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)和(he)(he)確(que)(que)定平價(jia)(jia)上(shang)網試(shi)點項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)規(gui)(gui)模提(ti)供科學依(yi)據；二是(shi)(shi)(shi)負責(ze)投資(zi)建設(she)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)升壓站之外的接網等全部配套電(dian)(dian)(dian)網工程；三(san)是(shi)(shi)(shi)確(que)(que)保(bao)平價(jia)(jia)上(shang)網試(shi)點項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)所發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量全額上(shang)網，如存在限發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量則核(he)定為(wei)可轉讓的優先發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)計(ji)劃(hua)；四是(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力交(jiao)易(yi)中心應完(wan)善交(jiao)易(yi)平臺和(he)(he)交(jiao)易(yi)品種(zhong)，組織實(shi)施相關(guan)交(jiao)易(yi)；五是(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)分布(bu)式(shi)平價(jia)(jia)上(shang)網試(shi)點項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)就近(jin)直接交(jiao)易(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量，免收(shou)未涉及(ji)的上(shang)一電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級(ji)的輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)費，減免政策性交(jiao)叉補貼(tie)；六是(shi)(shi)(shi)與(yu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業簽訂不少于20年的長期(qi)固(gu)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)購(gou)售電(dian)(dian)(dian)合同；七是(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網安全運行(xing)提(ti)出更高要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)。

“平(ping)價上(shang)網(wang)的前(qian)(qian)提是有序上(shang)網(wang)。要做到有序，需要前(qian)(qian)期周密的研究和測算。電力(li)系統到底能夠承受多(duo)少(shao)，是就地消納(na)還是跨區輸送，運行安全配(pei)套(tao)問題(ti)是否(fou)(fou)解決，等(deng)等(deng)問題(ti)都要系統考慮，否(fou)(fou)則(ze)風(feng)光大量上(shang)網(wang)將造成電網(wang)運行極(ji)(ji)大的壓(ya)(ya)力(li)。另外，接(jie)(jie)網(wang)配(pei)套(tao)電網(wang)工程要按期完成，工期緊，投資大，但既然政策明(ming)確(que)了電網(wang)公司的責任，就必須積極(ji)(ji)組織(zhi)建設實施，在此也呼(hu)吁電源企(qi)業與電網(wang)公司加強溝(gou)通，妥善安排好項(xiang)目投產(chan)及并網(wang)時序。同時，考慮到電價下行的壓(ya)(ya)力(li)，電網(wang)企(qi)業投資壓(ya)(ya)力(li)進一步增加，希望政府(fu)主管(guan)部門加快推進將配(pei)套(tao)接(jie)(jie)網(wang)工程建設成本納(na)入輸配(pei)電價中予(yu)以疏導。”劉勁松說。

新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)納(na)(na)問題是(shi)(shi)關(guan)乎其(qi)平價上網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵所在。通知中(zhong)指出(chu)，電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)企(qi)業(ye)要承擔新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)并網(wang)(wang)以及消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)納(na)(na)的(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)關(guan)配套(tao)性工作。新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)納(na)(na)是(shi)(shi)一項系統工程，針(zhen)對(dui)目前(qian)存(cun)在的(de)(de)(de)(de)“源(yuan)(yuan)-網(wang)(wang)-荷-儲”發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)匹配問題，需(xu)要電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)、電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)、用(yong)戶、政府等(deng)各方共同努力(li)(li)，主要面(mian)臨(lin)以下幾方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)困難。一是(shi)(shi)資源(yuan)(yuan)和需(xu)求逆向(xiang)分布(bu)，風光資源(yuan)(yuan)大(da)部分分布(bu)在“三(san)(san)(san)北”地區(qu)(qu)，而用(yong)電(dian)(dian)負荷主要位于中(zhong)東(dong)(dong)部和南方地區(qu)(qu),由此帶來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)跨省區(qu)(qu)輸電(dian)(dian)壓力(li)(li)較大(da)。截至2018年(nian)底，“三(san)(san)(san)北”地區(qu)(qu)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)裝機達到2.3億千瓦，但跨區(qu)(qu)外(wai)送能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)只有(you)4900萬千瓦，占(zhan)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)裝機的(de)(de)(de)(de)20%，還(huan)要承擔煤電(dian)(dian)基地外(wai)送任務，外(wai)送能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足。二是(shi)(shi)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)高速發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)與近年(nian)來(lai)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)增(zeng)速不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)匹配，在國家政策(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)積極(ji)支持下，新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)疆、甘肅、蒙東(dong)(dong)等(deng)省份新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)裝機快速增(zeng)長，遠超全(quan)社會用(yong)電(dian)(dian)量增(zeng)速，造(zao)成(cheng)了較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)納(na)(na)壓力(li)(li)。新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)疆、甘肅、蒙東(dong)(dong)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)裝機分別是(shi)(shi)本地最大(da)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)負荷的(de)(de)(de)(de)1.1、1.4、2.0倍，本地消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)納(na)(na)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足，2018年(nian)三(san)(san)(san)省區(qu)(qu)棄電(dian)(dian)量合計占(zhan)全(quan)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)77%。三(san)(san)(san)是(shi)(shi)風電(dian)(dian)、光伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)力(li)(li)受自然條(tiao)件影響，存(cun)在比較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)波動性，大(da)規模并網(wang)(wang)后，給電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)安全(quan)運行帶來(lai)較大(da)壓力(li)(li)。“電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)與電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)通道不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)匹配，負荷增(zeng)長緩慢，調峰(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)上不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)來(lai)。比如既(ji)經濟又高效的(de)(de)(de)(de)火(huo)電(dian)(dian)靈活(huo)性改造(zao)，目前(qian)僅完成(cheng)“十三(san)(san)(san)五(wu)”規劃(hua)目標的(de)(de)(de)(de)20%，還(huan)需(xu)進一步加快。新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)納(na)(na)存(cun)在多方面(mian)問題，相(xiang)關(guan)配套(tao)政策(ce)比如配額(e)制、現貨交易等(deng)也(ye)需(xu)要相(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)體制機制來(lai)保障其(qi)落(luo)地實施(shi)。”劉勁松(song)說。

曾任(ren)國(guo)網(wang)新(xin)疆(jiang)電(dian)(dian)力董事長的(de)劉勁(jing)松對于西(xi)北地區(qu)的(de)新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)消(xiao)納(na)難題深有體會。“西(xi)北地區(qu)能(neng)源(yuan)稟(bing)賦好(hao)，風光資源(yuan)極(ji)為豐富，但當地負荷需(xu)求有限，而區(qu)外送電(dian)(dian)受(shou)限于通道建設和省間壁壘，”劉勁(jing)松說，“目(mu)前經濟下行壓力繼續加大(da)，市場需(xu)求乏(fa)力，如何將西(xi)北地區(qu)的(de)綠色電(dian)(dian)能(neng)送出去、賣(mai)出去仍然有待市場機制(zhi)的(de)完善。另外，目(mu)前調(diao)峰能(neng)力的(de)不足也是(shi)新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)消(xiao)納(na)的(de)矛盾之一，這(zhe)其中存在諸多復雜的(de)因素，以新(xin)疆(jiang)為例，大(da)量自(zi)備電(dian)(dian)廠基本(ben)不承擔調(diao)峰責任(ren)，地方(fang)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)消(xiao)納(na)新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)較少(shao)等因素都加劇了(le)消(xiao)納(na)矛盾。因此，在通道加快建設的(de)基礎上，還(huan)需(xu)在市場機制(zhi)等多方(fang)面(mian)進(jin)一步采取措施。”

2018年，國家(jia)(jia)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展改革委、國家(jia)(jia)能源(yuan)局出(chu)臺(tai)了一系列促進新能源(yuan)消(xiao)納的政策措(cuo)施(shi)，國家(jia)(jia)電(dian)(dian)網有限公(gong)司認(ren)真(zhen)貫(guan)徹落(luo)實各項工作部署，制定并落(luo)實6個(ge)(ge)方面22項重點(dian)措(cuo)施(shi)，在各方的共同(tong)努力下，新能源(yuan)消(xiao)納矛盾(dun)繼續得到緩解。新能源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)和(he)占(zhan)(zhan)比“雙升”。國家(jia)(jia)電(dian)(dian)網公(gong)司經營范圍新能源(yuan)累(lei)計發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)4390億(yi)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)、同(tong)比上升32%，占(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的8.2%、同(tong)比增(zeng)加1.4個(ge)(ge)百(bai)分點(dian)。新能源(yuan)棄(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)和(he)棄(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)率“雙降”。國家(jia)(jia)電(dian)(dian)網公(gong)司經營范圍新能源(yuan)累(lei)計棄(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)268.5億(yi)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)、同(tong)比下降35%，棄(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)率5.8%、同(tong)比下降5.2個(ge)(ge)百(bai)分點(dian)。其中，棄(qi)(qi)風電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)216.6億(yi)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)，棄(qi)(qi)風率7.1%；棄(qi)(qi)光電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)51.9億(yi)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)，棄(qi)(qi)光率3.2%。

為保(bao)障新(xin)能源(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)上(shang)網(wang)空間(jian)，《通知》要求新(xin)能源(yuan)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)公司簽(qian)訂20年長(chang)期(qi)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)，平價(jia)(jia)上(shang)網(wang)項目(mu)20年合(he)(he)(he)約是政府(fu)授(shou)權合(he)(he)(he)約，電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)代表地方政府(fu)與企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)簽(qian)訂購電(dian)(dian)(dian)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)，其平價(jia)(jia)上(shang)網(wang)項目(mu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)不會(hui)隨燃煤標(biao)桿(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)進行波(bo)動調整。電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)接受政府(fu)監管，按照“準許(xu)成本(ben)加合(he)(he)(he)理收(shou)益”原則核定輸配電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)準許(xu)收(shou)入主要與有效資產和運營成本(ben)相關，因此(ci)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)會(hui)全(quan)力以赴保(bao)障新(xin)能源(yuan)消納(na)，不會(hui)因燃煤標(biao)桿(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)的(de)波(bo)動而(er)影(ying)響合(he)(he)(he)約的(de)執(zhi)行。

國家電(dian)(dian)網(wang)公(gong)司將繼續(xu)認真貫(guan)徹(che)落實(shi)國家發改委、能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)局各(ge)項(xiang)工作(zuo)部(bu)署(shu)，全(quan)力(li)做好新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)消納(na)(na)工作(zuo)，確(que)保2019年實(shi)現公(gong)司經營(ying)區域(yu)內(nei)棄(qi)風棄(qi)光(guang)率(lv)(lv)(lv)達(da)到(dao)5%的控制(zhi)目標(biao)。一(yi)是(shi)(shi)滾動(dong)(dong)(dong)分析電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)消納(na)(na)能(neng)(neng)力(li)，主動(dong)(dong)(dong)向(xiang)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)主管(guan)(guan)部(bu)門(men)報送新增規(gui)模(mo)、布局、結構和(he)時序建(jian)(jian)議(yi)，引(yin)導有序發展，避免(mian)棄(qi)風棄(qi)光(guang)問題反彈(dan)。二是(shi)(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)快特高(gao)壓輸電(dian)(dian)通道(dao)建(jian)(jian)設(she)，加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)強(qiang)送受端(duan)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)結構，推(tui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)配(pei)套電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)建(jian)(jian)設(she)，進一(yi)步提升(sheng)現有通道(dao)利用率(lv)(lv)(lv)。全(quan)面推(tui)進河北豐(feng)寧、陜西鎮(zhen)安等(deng)(deng)已開工抽水蓄能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)建(jian)(jian)設(she)。三是(shi)(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)強(qiang)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)運行安全(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)與風險管(guan)(guan)控，優化運行方式，挖(wa)掘省(sheng)內(nei)消納(na)(na)空間(jian)(jian)，落實(shi)保障性(xing)(xing)收購政策(ce)。四(si)是(shi)(shi)統(tong)(tong)籌推(tui)進電(dian)(dian)力(li)現貨市場建(jian)(jian)設(she)，推(tui)廣電(dian)(dian)力(li)輔助服(fu)務市場，打破省(sheng)間(jian)(jian)壁壘、促進清潔能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)跨區跨省(sheng)消納(na)(na)。五是(shi)(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)強(qiang)技術(shu)創新，推(tui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)完(wan)善新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)涉網(wang)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)等(deng)(deng)相關(guan)技術(shu)標(biao)準(zhun)，為新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)高(gao)比例運行提供技術(shu)保障。六(liu)是(shi)(shi)落實(shi)“放管(guan)(guan)服(fu)”各(ge)項(xiang)要(yao)求，繼續(xu)將清潔能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)消納(na)(na)目標(biao)逐(zhu)年細化分解(jie)到(dao)各(ge)分部(bu)和(he)省(sheng)公(gong)司。七(qi)是(shi)(shi)按照“橫向(xiang)協調、縱向(xiang)貫(guan)通”的原則，搭建(jian)(jian)新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)全(quan)流(liu)程管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)信息平臺，不斷提升(sheng)新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)水平和(he)效率(lv)(lv)(lv)。八是(shi)(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)強(qiang)溝通匯報，與國家能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)主管(guan)(guan)部(bu)門(men)建(jian)(jian)立常態聯絡(luo)機(ji)制(zhi)，及時匯報新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)消納(na)(na)形勢和(he)措(cuo)施建(jian)(jian)議(yi)，促請政府部(bu)門(men)推(tui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)火電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組靈(ling)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)改造(zao)，將自備電(dian)(dian)廠納(na)(na)入統(tong)(tong)一(yi)調度，鼓勵(li)儲能(neng)(neng)、可中斷負荷等(deng)(deng)參與系(xi)統(tong)(tong)調節，提升(sheng)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)靈(ling)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)。

分布式交易：降低輸配電價，讓利電源業主和用戶

如今，分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)新能源(yuan)快速(su)發展，《通(tong)知》針對(dui)(dui)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)交易，提出降低就(jiu)近(jin)直(zhi)接交易的輸配電(dian)(dian)價(jia)及(ji)收(shou)費。我國在電(dian)(dian)改新形勢下(xia)，向社會(hui)資本放開(kai)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)就(jiu)近(jin)直(zhi)接交易。分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)發電(dian)(dian)就(jiu)近(jin)直(zhi)接交易可(ke)提高分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)發電(dian)(dian)項目總體收(shou)益(yi)，推(tui)動分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)發展，本質上是通(tong)過降低輸配電(dian)(dian)價(jia)，由(you)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)企業(ye)對(dui)(dui)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)業(ye)主(zhu)和用(yong)戶(hu)進行了讓利(li)。

分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式電(dian)源(yuan)項目(mu)較電(dian)網工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)前(qian)期工(gong)作流程(cheng)(cheng)簡(jian)單、建設周期短，具有(you)數量多、分(fen)布(bu)(bu)廣、接(jie)(jie)入(ru)(ru)方案易變動等特點。分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式電(dian)源(yuan)的(de)大規模接(jie)(jie)入(ru)(ru)，會對(dui)配電(dian)網規劃、建設和(he)運行帶(dai)來影(ying)響，需要(yao)對(dui)現(xian)有(you)配電(dian)網進行相應的(de)技術改造。如果缺(que)乏(fa)合理的(de)布(bu)(bu)局(ju)引(yin)導(dao)，在(zai)(zai)局(ju)部地區(qu)甚至會出現(xian)潮流反送(song)輸電(dian)網的(de)情況，影(ying)響電(dian)網安全(quan)運行。目(mu)前(qian)，電(dian)網公司已經(jing)開(kai)展重點區(qu)域接(jie)(jie)入(ru)(ru)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式電(dian)源(yuan)的(de)電(dian)網承載力(li)研(yan)究，在(zai)(zai)此(ci)基(ji)礎上提出試(shi)點地區(qu)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式電(dian)源(yuan)接(jie)(jie)入(ru)(ru)規模，引(yin)導(dao)合理有(you)序發展。

對(dui)于(yu)分(fen)(fen)布式(shi)(shi)新能(neng)源發(fa)(fa)展，國家電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)公司一直秉持“支持、歡迎、服務(wu)”的(de)態度，近年來(lai)分(fen)(fen)布式(shi)(shi)新能(neng)源裝(zhuang)機容(rong)量(liang)迅猛增長，截至2018年底，國家電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)經營區(qu)域分(fen)(fen)布式(shi)(shi)光伏裝(zhuang)機容(rong)量(liang)超過(guo)4700萬(wan)千瓦，占全國的(de)94%。與(yu)此同(tong)時，分(fen)(fen)布式(shi)(shi)新能(neng)源的(de)快速發(fa)(fa)展也(ye)給(gei)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)規劃運行帶(dai)來(lai)了(le)挑(tiao)戰，大規模分(fen)(fen)布式(shi)(shi)電(dian)源接入會改變網(wang)(wang)(wang)供負荷，對(dui)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)電(dian)力電(dian)量(liang)平衡產生影響(xiang)。充分(fen)(fen)利(li)用市場化機制，可以充分(fen)(fen)調(diao)動各類(lei)資源消納分(fen)(fen)布式(shi)(shi)新能(neng)源的(de)積極性，有利(li)于(yu)分(fen)(fen)布式(shi)(shi)新能(neng)源的(de)發(fa)(fa)展和消納。

近年來，國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)開展了一系(xi)列促(cu)進新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)消納的(de)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)化機制探(tan)索(suo)，包括新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)跨省區現貨(huo)交易、調(diao)(diao)峰(feng)輔助服務(wu)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)、自備電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠與新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)替代交易等，取得了顯著成效(xiao)。未(wei)來，為(wei)適應新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)大規模消納，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)建(jian)(jian)設(she)仍需(xu)進一步(bu)完(wan)善，包括：一是(shi)加強全國統(tong)一電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)建(jian)(jian)設(she)，落實(shi)可再生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)配(pei)額制各項工作(zuo)要(yao)求，打破(po)省間壁壘，讓市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)在資源(yuan)(yuan)配(pei)置(zhi)中發揮決定性(xing)作(zuo)用，促(cu)進新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)大范圍優化配(pei)置(zhi)。二(er)是(shi)完(wan)善調(diao)(diao)峰(feng)輔助服務(wu)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)，進一步(bu)調(diao)(diao)動火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組調(diao)(diao)峰(feng)積極性(xing)，支持抽水蓄能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學(xue)儲能(neng)(neng)參與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)調(diao)(diao)節，提(ti)升(sheng)系(xi)統(tong)運行靈活性(xing)。三是(shi)加快現貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)建(jian)(jian)設(she)，形成體(ti)現時間和位置(zhi)特性(xing)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)量商品(pin)價(jia)格，為(wei)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)主體(ti)提(ti)供反映市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)供需(xu)和生產成本的(de)價(jia)格信號(hao)，促(cu)進發揮風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、太陽能(neng)(neng)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)邊際(ji)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成本優勢，同時激勵風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、太陽能(neng)(neng)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等根(gen)據(ju)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)價(jia)格信號(hao)提(ti)升(sheng)自身調(diao)(diao)節能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)，減輕系(xi)統(tong)調(diao)(diao)峰(feng)壓力(li)(li)。

電網運行：系統更復雜，需推動技術和機制創新

目前，新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)去補貼的時代已然(ran)逼近，未來新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)上網(wang)(wang)比例(li)將進一步擴大(da)。眾所周(zhou)知，風(feng)能(neng)、太陽能(neng)等(deng)新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)具有(you)顯著的隨機性(xing)(xing)、間歇性(xing)(xing)、波動性(xing)(xing)特征，大(da)規(gui)模、高比例(li)接入(ru)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)，帶來巨大(da)調峰調頻壓力，電(dian)力系統(tong)平衡調節和電(dian)網(wang)(wang)安(an)全穩定(ding)(ding)運(yun)行面臨一系列新(xin)挑戰。而且，隨著大(da)量分布式(shi)(shi)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)、微電(dian)網(wang)(wang)、新(xin)型交互式(shi)(shi)用能(neng)設備的接入(ru)，改變了傳(chuan)統(tong)的潮流從(cong)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)到用戶的單向流動模式(shi)(shi)，電(dian)網(wang)(wang)運(yun)行的復(fu)雜性(xing)(xing)、不確定(ding)(ding)性(xing)(xing)顯著增加。

“如今(jin)的電網(wang)(wang)形態和過去(qu)有(you)很(hen)大(da)不同，特(te)高(gao)壓(ya)交直(zhi)流混聯大(da)電網(wang)(wang)本身(shen)的安全運行壓(ya)力已經很(hen)大(da)。而(er)新能源(yuan)發(fa)展(zhan)蒸蒸日上，西北(bei)地(di)區資(zi)源(yuan)稟賦(fu)好，中(zhong)東部地(di)區市場需求高(gao)，投資(zi)潛力大(da)，東西部新能源(yuan)全面開(kai)花、高(gao)比例接(jie)入電網(wang)(wang)更增加(jia)了系統運行的復(fu)雜(za)性。”劉勁松說。

在(zai)2019年國家(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)公(gong)司(si)工作會議(yi)上，寇(kou)偉董事長提出“三型兩網(wang)(wang)、世界一(yi)流(liu)”新時代戰略目(mu)標，推(tui)動建(jian)設世界一(yi)流(liu)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)互(hu)聯(lian)網(wang)(wang)企業。一(yi)方(fang)面，持之以恒(heng)地建(jian)設運營好堅強(qiang)智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)，不斷提升能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)資源(yuan)配置能(neng)(neng)力(li)和(he)(he)智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)化水平，更好地適(shi)應電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)基地集約開發和(he)(he)新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)、分布(bu)式能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)、儲能(neng)(neng)、交互(hu)式用(yong)能(neng)(neng)設施等大規模并網(wang)(wang)接入的(de)(de)需要；另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)面，充分應用(yong)移動互(hu)聯(lian)、人工智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)等現(xian)代信息技術(shu)和(he)(he)先進通信技術(shu)，實現(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統各個(ge)環節(jie)萬物互(hu)聯(lian)、人機交互(hu)，打造狀態全(quan)面感(gan)知、信息高效處理(li)、應用(yong)便捷(jie)靈活的(de)(de)泛在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)物聯(lian)網(wang)(wang)，為電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)安全(quan)經濟運行和(he)(he)新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)消納提供強(qiang)有力(li)的(de)(de)數據資源(yuan)支撐。

對于(yu)此(ci)次出臺(tai)的風光平價(jia)上(shang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)政，國家(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)公司目(mu)(mu)前(qian)已經著(zhu)手起草落(luo)實(shi)文件，將主(zhu)要從以下方面做(zuo)好(hao)相關工作：一是(shi)推動具有樞紐(niu)型、平臺(tai)型、共享型特征(zheng)的能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)互聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)建設。打造多(duo)種能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)協同、供(gong)給與(yu)(yu)消(xiao)(xiao)費協同、集中式(shi)與(yu)(yu)分(fen)(fen)布式(shi)協同，大(da)(da)眾廣(guang)泛參與(yu)(yu)的新(xin)(xin)(xin)型生態化(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)系統，推動“源(yuan)(yuan)-網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)-荷-儲”協調發展(zhan)，實(shi)現(xian)(xian)新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)靈活接(jie)入和多(duo)種能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)的轉化(hua)(hua)、存儲和分(fen)(fen)配(pei)；提升(sheng)實(shi)時監控能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)和新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)預測精(jing)度(du)，支撐高比例新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)運行(xing)(xing)和消(xiao)(xiao)納(na)。二是(shi)積極配(pei)合能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)主(zhu)管部門做(zuo)好(hao)平價(jia)上(shang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)試點項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)實(shi)施。組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)各省級電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)公司研究分(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)接(jie)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和消(xiao)(xiao)納(na)條件，與(yu)(yu)省級能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)主(zhu)管部門做(zuo)好(hao)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)規劃(hua)銜接(jie)。投資建設配(pei)套(tao)送出工程，全(quan)力(li)做(zuo)好(hao)試點項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)的并網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)消(xiao)(xiao)納(na)。與(yu)(yu)平價(jia)上(shang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)單位簽(qian)訂(ding)不少于(yu)20年的長期(qi)固(gu)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)購售電(dian)(dian)(dian)合同，確保試點項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)執行(xing)(xing)到位。三(san)是(shi)加強技(ji)(ji)術(shu)和機制(zhi)創新(xin)(xin)(xin)。加快(kuai)(kuai)虛擬同步(bu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機、微電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)、儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、“互聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)+”智慧(hui)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)等關鍵技(ji)(ji)術(shu)攻關和應(ying)用，加快(kuai)(kuai)柔性直(zhi)流輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)等適應(ying)波動性可(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)應(ying)用。引(yin)導新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)汽車有序充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)、客戶側儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)裝置(zhi)參與(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)調節(jie)，主(zhu)動響應(ying)新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)出力(li)變化(hua)(hua)。四是(shi)持續提升(sheng)服(fu)務(wu)水平。在(zai)“網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)上(shang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)”的統一架構下，組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)開展(zhan)新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)大(da)(da)數據管理模塊開發建設，將新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)規劃(hua)、前(qian)期(qi)、送出工程建設、并網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)、運行(xing)(xing)、交易、結算、后評估(gu)等全(quan)流程工作統一管理，實(shi)現(xian)(xian)全(quan)環節(jie)業務(wu)在(zai)線(xian)管理、在(zai)線(xian)統計、在(zai)線(xian)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)、在(zai)線(xian)決策和大(da)(da)數據分(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)，不斷提升(sheng)新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)服(fu)務(wu)水平和效率。“我們制(zhi)定(ding)了(le)30項(xiang)措施落(luo)實(shi)新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)消(xiao)(xiao)納(na)，致力(li)于(yu)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)‘雙棄’不超過5%的目(mu)(mu)標，利用互聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)、大(da)(da)數據等技(ji)(ji)術(shu)進行(xing)(xing)數據分(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)，力(li)求(qiu)為國家(jia)發展(zhan)新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)提供(gong)科學決策依據。”劉(liu)勁松說。