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增量配網是用戶還(huan)是電網?

增量配電網(wang)能接入電源嗎?

哪些(xie)電(dian)源能夠(gou)接(jie)入增量配電(dian)網?

自備(bei)電廠能接入增量配網嗎?

增(zeng)量配(pei)網能有自己的調度嗎?

…

一、增量配電網是公共電網，而不是電網企業的用戶

增量配電網(wang)是公(gong)共電網(wang)，而不是電網(wang)企(qi)業的用(yong)戶，其法律地(di)位(wei)跟省級電網(wang)公(gong)司(si)一樣(yang)，享有同樣(yang)的權利(li)，承(cheng)擔同樣(yang)的義務。

筆者(zhe)認(ren)(ren)為(wei)，增量(liang)配電(dian)網的這一(yi)法律(lv)地位(wei)是首先需要明確(que)的問(wen)題，也是正(zheng)確(que)認(ren)(ren)識和處理電(dian)源接(jie)入、電(dian)網互聯(lian)、配電(dian)價格、結(jie)算關系(xi)、調度關系(xi)等一(yi)系(xi)列問(wen)題的。

這方面的政策依據(ju)很多，主要(yao)包括(kuo)：

一是國家發(fa)展改(gai)革(ge)委、國家能(neng)(neng)源局《有(you)序(xu)放開配電(dian)網(wang)(wang)業(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)管理辦(ban)法》，規定了配電(dian)網(wang)(wang)企業(ye)運營(ying)者的(de)(de)權利義務(wu)(wu)(wu)，包(bao)括供(gong)電(dian)服務(wu)(wu)(wu)、保底供(gong)電(dian)、承擔代付(fu)其配電(dian)網(wang)(wang)內使用(yong)的(de)(de)可再生能(neng)(neng)源電(dian)量(liang)補(bu)貼的(de)(de)責任(ren)、代國家收取政(zheng)府性基金及(ji)政(zheng)策性交叉補(bu)貼等責任(ren)，這些顯然(ran)是電(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)責任(ren)，而不是用(yong)戶所應承擔的(de)(de)。

二(er)是國家發展改革委《關于制(zhi)定地方電(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)增(zeng)量配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)價格(ge)的(de)指導意(yi)見》，明確“配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)與省(sheng)級電(dian)網(wang)(wang)具有平等(deng)(deng)的(de)市場主(zhu)體(ti)地位(wei)”，“配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)企業應按(an)照(zhao)相同的(de)原則和(he)標準承擔政(zheng)策性交叉補貼。”通過(guo)這份文件，實際上(shang)正式確認了配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)地位(wei)，而且(qie)是與省(sheng)級電(dian)網(wang)(wang)平等(deng)(deng)的(de)地位(wei)。

三是國家發(fa)展改革委、國家能源局《關于進一步推進增(zeng)量配(pei)(pei)電(dian)業(ye)務改革的(de)(de)通知(zhi)》(發(fa)改經體〔2019〕27號)規定，“增(zeng)量配(pei)(pei)電(dian)網項目業(ye)主在配(pei)(pei)電(dian)區域內(nei)擁有與電(dian)網企業(ye)在互聯互通、建設(she)運營(ying)、參與電(dian)力市場、保底(di)供電(dian)、分布(bu)式電(dian)源和微電(dian)網并網、新(xin)能源消(xiao)納(na)等方(fang)面同(tong)等的(de)(de)權利和義務。”

筆者(zhe)想(xiang)提醒的(de)是，上述文件在說明“配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網與省級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網具有平等(deng)的(de)市場主體地位”的(de)同(tong)時，還(huan)強調增量配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網企(qi)業的(de)義(yi)(yi)務，包括按照相同(tong)的(de)原則和標準(zhun)承擔(dan)政策性交叉補貼，與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網企(qi)業在互(hu)聯互(hu)通、建設運(yun)營(ying)、參與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市場、保底供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、分布式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)和微電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網并網、新(xin)能源(yuan)消(xiao)納等(deng)方(fang)面同(tong)等(deng)的(de)權(quan)利和義(yi)(yi)務。

二、直接接入電源，是增量配電網的權利，也是義務。

之所以說“直接(jie)接(jie)入電源是(shi)增量(liang)配(pei)電網的權利(li)”，筆(bi)者覺(jue)得一個最樸素的理由就是(shi)：

既然增(zeng)量(liang)配(pei)電網與(yu)省級電網的(de)(de)市場地位平等(deng)，那么，省級電網的(de)(de)權(quan)利(li)義務，增(zeng)量(liang)配(pei)電網也(ye)同樣應該享有與(yu)承擔，其中就包括像省級電網一樣直接接入電源的(de)(de)權(quan)利(li)。

試問，哪一個省(sheng)級電(dian)網不能(neng)直接(jie)接(jie)入電(dian)源呢?

能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)直接(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)入(ru)電源，是(shi)增量配電網作為公共(gong)電網的(de)基(ji)本權利。否則，一個不(bu)能(neng)(neng)直接(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)入(ru)電源、只能(neng)(neng)經(jing)由電網企業購(gou)電的(de)配電網只能(neng)(neng)是(shi)一個不(bu)完(wan)整的(de)“偽電網”。

同時，直接(jie)接(jie)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)，也(ye)是增量配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)義務(wu)(wu)。多份文(wen)件(jian)均對(dui)此做出明確規(gui)定。比如，《有(you)(you)序放開配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網業務(wu)(wu)管理辦(ban)法(fa)》規(gui)定，配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網企業“按政府定價向(xiang)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)企業優先購(gou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)”，“無歧視開放電(dian)(dian)(dian)網，公(gong)平提(ti)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(用戶)接(jie)入等(deng)(deng)普遍服務(wu)(wu)和保底供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)服務(wu)(wu)”。顯然，如果不能(neng)(neng)接(jie)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)，是無法(fa)“提(ti)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)接(jie)入”等(deng)(deng)服務(wu)(wu)的(de);而(er)“向(xiang)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)企業優先購(gou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)”，也(ye)沒有(you)(you)任何理由(you)限定為“必(bi)須(xu)經過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網企業的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力設施實施購(gou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)”，而(er)不能(neng)(neng)通(tong)過(guo)直接(jie)接(jie)入的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)實施購(gou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

再如，前面已(yi)經提(ti)到(dao)的(de)(de)《關于進一步推進增量配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)業(ye)(ye)務改革的(de)(de)通知》規定(ding)，“增量配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)項(xiang)目(mu)業(ye)(ye)主(zhu)在配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)區域(yu)內擁(yong)有與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)企業(ye)(ye)在互聯互通、建設運(yun)營、參與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力市場、保底供電(dian)(dian)(dian)、分布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)和微(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)并網(wang)、新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)消(xiao)納等方面同等的(de)(de)權利(li)和義務。”這里的(de)(de)分布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)和微(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)并網(wang)、新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)消(xiao)納，顯然都需要直接(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)才能(neng)(neng)實現。

因此(ci)，直接(jie)接(jie)入(ru)電源，是(shi)增(zeng)量配(pei)電網(wang)基本的權利和義務。

三、直接接入電源，不違反廠網分開的改革原則

反對增量(liang)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)直(zhi)接接入電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)人，常(chang)常(chang)以“廠網(wang)分(fen)開是電(dian)(dian)(dian)改的(de)基本原則之(zhi)一(yi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)直(zhi)接接入配電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)會(hui)形成(cheng)新的(de)廠網(wang)不分(fen)”作為理由。

筆者(zhe)注意(yi)到，對于這一點(dian)，業內(nei)(nei)專(zhuan)家(jia)谷峰(feng)曾在《中(zhong)國電(dian)(dian)(dian)力企業雜志》刊(kan)文做出過(guo)分(fen)析。谷峰(feng)指出：我(wo)國電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)執行(xing)的(de)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)分(fen)層分(fen)區平(ping)(ping)衡(heng)制度，增量(liang)配(pei)(pei)網(wang)(wang)(wang)作為(wei)公(gong)(gong)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)應享有(you)就地平(ping)(ping)衡(heng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)接入(ru)權。我(wo)國廠網(wang)(wang)(wang)分(fen)開政策的(de)核心(xin)是(shi)擁(yong)有(you)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)企業不能(neng)擁(yong)有(you)在輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)范(fan)圍內(nei)(nei)平(ping)(ping)衡(heng)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源。為(wei)保(bao)證批發市(shi)場交易的(de)公(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)，環形(xing)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)只(zhi)能(neng)為(wei)全部(bu)連接在輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)上的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源共用;而連接在配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)上的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源從電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)平(ping)(ping)衡(heng)上來講主要在配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)進行(xing)平(ping)(ping)衡(heng)，少量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)和部(bu)分(fen)時段電(dian)(dian)(dian)力參與網(wang)(wang)(wang)間平(ping)(ping)衡(heng)，基(ji)本不涉及(ji)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)上電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)競爭。因(yin)此，配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)擁(yong)有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源對批發市(shi)場的(de)公(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)性(xing)影(ying)響(xiang)有(you)限，不影(ying)響(xiang)廠網(wang)(wang)(wang)分(fen)開政策的(de)核心(xin)意(yi)義。

同(tong)時(shi)，谷峰(feng)特意(yi)指(zhi)出，增量(liang)配網接入電源(yuan)問題，實質上按(an)照(zhao)現行(xing)的規章，由(you)電力主管(guan)部門同(tong)意(yi)，并明確其(qi)在增量(liang)配網內部平衡即(ji)可。