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一、“十三五”電力規劃執行的基本成就

在(zai)“四個革命(ming)、一個合作(zuo)”能源安(an)全新戰(zhan)略指引下，自2016年以(yi)來，我國《電(dian)力發(fa)展“十三五”規劃》指導全國電(dian)力工業持續健康發(fa)展，支撐了國民(min)經濟發(fa)展的(de)電(dian)力需(xu)求。主要成就(jiu)有(you)：

一是電力(li)實現了高質量發展。體(ti)現在發電供(gong)應能力(li)持續(xu)增強；電網結構(gou)不斷堅強；電力(li)系統運(yun)行更加安全(quan)可靠，沒(mei)有(you)發生大面積停電事故；輸配電價(jia)定(ding)價(jia)機制得(de)以建立(li)，電力(li)市場定(ding)價(jia)機制初(chu)步確立(li)；電力(li)普(pu)遍(bian)服(fu)務(wu)水平有(you)新(xin)的(de)提(ti)(ti)高，電力(li)營(ying)商環境持續(xu)改(gai)進，電力(li)用戶獲得(de)感普(pu)遍(bian)提(ti)(ti)升。

二是電力結構發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)根本性變化(hua)，向高效、低(di)碳、清潔化(hua)方向快速轉變。煤(mei)電裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)占(zhan)比(bi)持續減少，近五年火電占(zhan)比(bi)每年下降(jiang)約2個百分(fen)點(dian)，至(zhi)2019年6月底，我(wo)國煤(mei)電（含煤(mei)矸石）裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)10.2億千瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)，占(zhan)總(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)比(bi)重為55.4%，30萬千瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)及以上(shang)(shang)煤(mei)電機(ji)(ji)組占(zhan)比(bi)達80%以上(shang)(shang)，供電煤(mei)耗降(jiang)低(di)至(zhi)307克/千瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)時。我(wo)國清潔能(neng)源發(fa)(fa)電裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)約8.2億千瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)，占(zhan)總(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)比(bi)重44.6%，其發(fa)(fa)展速度領跑全球。

三是(shi)電力(li)行業(ye)環保成(cheng)(cheng)效明顯，助力(li)大(da)氣環境質量改(gai)(gai)善。全國80%以(yi)上(shang)煤電機組進行了超低排(pai)放改(gai)(gai)造，二氧化(hua)(hua)硫、氮氧化(hua)(hua)物(wu)及粉(fen)塵排(pai)放水平(ping)達(da)到或超過了國家標準，居世界領先水平(ping)。電能(neng)替代(dai)散煤鍋爐取得了重大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)就，使(shi)得工業(ye)能(neng)源消費結構向清潔化(hua)(hua)方向發(fa)展，大(da)大(da)減(jian)少了污染物(wu)的排(pai)放。

二、電力發展過程中應引起重視的問題

回顧“十(shi)三五”電力發展規(gui)劃得到落(luo)實(shi)并取得明顯成(cheng)績的(de)同時，也伴生了一些(xie)新的(de)情況與問題(ti)。

（一）產能過剩情況在不斷加重

2018年(nian)，納入全(quan)(quan)國可(ke)靠性統(tong)計口徑的發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)等效可(ke)用(yong)(yong)系(xi)數(shu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)92.3%，按此計算，機(ji)組(zu)平(ping)均(jun)可(ke)利用(yong)(yong)小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)達(da)8000小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。按煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)實(shi)際運行(xing)系(xi)數(shu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)75%計算，煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)運行(xing)小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)數(shu)應(ying)為(wei)(wei)(wei)6570小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。全(quan)(quan)國30個省市煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)實(shi)際平(ping)均(jun)利用(yong)(yong)小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)4724小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)利用(yong)(yong)小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)最(zui)高的是河北省，為(wei)(wei)(wei)5349.91小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，最(zui)低的是云南省，為(wei)(wei)(wei)1763.10小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。最(zui)先進的超臨(lin)界及以上煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)利用(yong)(yong)小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)4762小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。全(quan)(quan)國煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)實(shi)際平(ping)均(jun)利用(yong)(yong)小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)與平(ping)均(jun)可(ke)利用(yong)(yong)小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之比僅為(wei)(wei)(wei)59.1%。

產能(neng)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)率是(shi)一(yi)個很重要的(de)指標，它直接關(guan)系到企業(ye)生產成(cheng)本(ben)的(de)高低(di)。云(yun)南(nan)省煤電企業(ye)在這樣低(di)的(de)產能(neng)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)率情況(kuang)下，其(qi)經(jing)營已陷入(ru)嚴重困境。雖然電力不能(neng)簡單地(di)用(yong)(yong)一(yi)般制(zhi)造業(ye)與公用(yong)(yong)事(shi)業(ye)的(de)產能(neng)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)率來(lai)評判其(qi)經(jing)濟性，但是(shi)電力畢竟是(shi)商品(pin)，影響(xiang)著社(she)會生產成(cheng)本(ben)和社(she)會民生，經(jing)濟性是(shi)不可(ke)回避的(de)一(yi)個問題。

（二）電網運行的可靠性與經濟性失衡比較嚴重

截(jie)至2018年(nian)(nian)底，我國220千(qian)伏(fu)以(yi)上輸電(dian)(dian)線路長度為73.34萬公(gong)里，變電(dian)(dian)容量40.23億千(qian)伏(fu)安。輸變電(dian)(dian)設備年(nian)(nian)度平(ping)均等(deng)效可(ke)用系數在(zai)99%以(yi)上。但設備產能的(de)(de)利(li)(li)用率(lv)即(ji)使在(zai)高峰時段(duan)也僅在(zai)60%左右(you)，大部分時間運行(xing)在(zai)30%～40%，有的(de)(de)甚(shen)至更低(di)(di)。即(ji)使如浙江(jiang)省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)力(li)公(gong)司(si)這樣經濟效益比(bi)較(jiao)好的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)網企業(ye)，2018年(nian)(nian)凈資產收益率(lv)也僅為5%，總資產收益率(lv)僅為2.65%，遠低(di)(di)于(yu)同期(qi)銀行(xing)貨款利(li)(li)率(lv)。電(dian)(dian)網設備以(yi)高可(ke)靠(kao)性和低(di)(di)產能利(li)(li)用率(lv)保障了電(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)安全性，但與經濟性失衡比(bi)較(jiao)嚴重。

（三）電網信息壟斷影響著電力規劃的制訂與落實

電(dian)力(li)(li)規劃(hua)的職責(ze)屬(shu)于政府(fu)(fu)，由(you)政府(fu)(fu)組織制訂規劃(hua)，并負責(ze)規劃(hua)的執行情況(kuang)進行事中監管、事后評估與(yu)總結，如有必要(yao)(yao)適時(shi)作出(chu)調整。由(you)于政府(fu)(fu)電(dian)力(li)(li)管理部門人力(li)(li)有限，也缺少專業(ye)(ye)人才，規劃(hua)所需(xu)要(yao)(yao)的信息(xi)材料主要(yao)(yao)由(you)電(dian)網(wang)企業(ye)(ye)提供。大部分省市的電(dian)力(li)(li)規劃(hua)藍(lan)本是由(you)電(dian)網(wang)企業(ye)(ye)提供，政府(fu)(fu)組織專家(jia)審查(cha)并提出(chu)意見(jian)，略經修改后批準執行。因此(ci)，電(dian)網(wang)企業(ye)(ye)在規劃(hua)制訂中的影響力(li)(li)很(hen)大，規劃(hua)必然更多體現(xian)電(dian)網(wang)企業(ye)(ye)自身的利益。

（四）東部電力增長率已低于中西部電力增長率

2018年，全(quan)(quan)國有廣東等14個省(sheng)份全(quan)(quan)社會(hui)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)超過2000億(yi)千(qian)瓦時(shi)，14個省(sheng)份合計用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)49467億(yi)千(qian)瓦時(shi)，占全(quan)(quan)國全(quan)(quan)社會(hui)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)的(de)71.7%；對全(quan)(quan)國用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)增(zeng)長的(de)貢獻率為70.6%。2018年全(quan)(quan)國平(ping)均用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)增(zeng)速為8.5%，其(qi)中有15個省(sheng)份超過全(quan)(quan)國平(ping)均水平(ping)，而(er)且(qie)基(ji)本上都是中西(xi)部省(sheng)份。可見，中西(xi)部地區的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力發展不(bu)平(ping)衡性正在扭(niu)轉，這將(jiang)對長期以來實施“西(xi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)東送”的(de)規劃(hua)思路帶來影響。

（五）電力與其他能源發展缺乏協調性

電(dian)力是由一次(ci)(ci)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)而來，煤、氣(qi)、核(he)等(deng)一次(ci)(ci)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)成電(dian)力，其能(neng)(neng)(neng)量利用(yong)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)取(qu)決于轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)方式和轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)技(ji)術。煤電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)一般(ban)(ban)在(zai)35%～45%；天然(ran)氣(qi)聯合發電(dian)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)一般(ban)(ban)在(zai)55%～60%；核(he)電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)核(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)在(zai)30%～35%左右。風能(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)發電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)則(ze)(ze)更(geng)低，一般(ban)(ban)在(zai)20%以下。可見，電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)是諸(zhu)多一次(ci)(ci)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源經過復雜過程轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)并付出經濟代價而來的(de)(de)(de)清潔能(neng)(neng)(neng)源，它應當用(yong)于最(zui)需要最(zui)有價值的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產和生(sheng)活之中。應當堅持因(yin)地制宜(yi)、宜(yi)氣(qi)則(ze)(ze)氣(qi)、宜(yi)電(dian)則(ze)(ze)電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)原則(ze)(ze)，不能(neng)(neng)(neng)是高能(neng)(neng)(neng)低用(yong)。譬如，東北(bei)、西(xi)北(bei)地區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)冬季氣(qi)溫很低，用(yong)熱(re)泵等(deng)技(ji)術供(gong)熱(re)，其電(dian)熱(re)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)很低；直接(jie)用(yong)電(dian)加(jia)熱(re)取(qu)暖難(nan)以達到標準室內溫度。

三、關于“十四五”電力發展規劃工作的幾點建議

（一）盡快組織修訂《電力系統安全穩定導則》《電網調度管理條例實施辦法》等技術標準和規范性文件

根(gen)據《電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統安(an)全穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)導(dao)則》，在(zai)正(zheng)常(chang)運行方式(shi)(shi)下，對不同的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統，按(an)(an)功(gong)角判(pan)據計算的(de)靜態穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)儲備系數（Kp）應(ying)(ying)為15%~20%，按(an)(an)無功(gong)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)判(pan)據計算的(de)穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)儲備系數（Kv）為10%～15%。在(zai)事(shi)故(gu)后運行方式(shi)(shi)和特殊(shu)運行方式(shi)(shi)下，Kp不得(de)低于(yu)10%，Kv不得(de)低于(yu)8%。根(gen)據《電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)評價導(dao)則》規定(ding)(ding)(ding)“在(zai)區域(yu)(yu)最大(da)負荷(he)或最大(da)斷面潮流下，正(zheng)常(chang)方式(shi)(shi)或檢修方式(shi)(shi)的(de)區域(yu)(yu)負荷(he)有(you)功(gong)功(gong)率裕(yu)度應(ying)(ying)大(da)于(yu)8%，“N-1”故(gu)障后的(de)區域(yu)(yu)負荷(he)有(you)功(gong)功(gong)率充裕(yu)度應(ying)(ying)大(da)于(yu)5%”。

《電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網調(diao)度管(guan)理(li)條例實(shi)(shi)施辦法》規定(ding)“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)總備用(yong)(yong)容量(liang)不宜低于最大(da)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)荷的(de)(de)20%”。按(an)照上述行業標準，如(ru)果按(an)備用(yong)(yong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)數8%計(ji)算，僅浙江電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網，系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)備用(yong)(yong)容量(liang)需要400~650萬千瓦左(zuo)右。從現在的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)規模、發輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備的(de)(de)可靠性(xing)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)結構與布局、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網構架(jia)與互聯、系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)智(zhi)能化水平(ping)、系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)在故(gu)障擾動時的(de)(de)“自愈”能力(li)(li)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)安全與經(jing)濟等關系(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)際(ji)情況看，按(an)舊的(de)(de)觀念和老的(de)(de)行業標準規定(ding)的(de)(de)備用(yong)(yong)容量(liang)進(jin)行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)規劃或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)調(diao)度，無疑會(hui)造(zao)成極大(da)的(de)(de)過度投資(zi)和極低的(de)(de)運(yun)行效率(lv)，這(zhe)也是當(dang)前電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)行業產(chan)能利(li)用(yong)(yong)率(lv)低的(de)(de)主要原因(yin)之(zhi)一，已(yi)不適合當(dang)今(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)實(shi)(shi)際(ji)情況。因(yin)此，建議盡快訂《電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)穩(wen)定(ding)導(dao)則》（DL755-2001）、《電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網調(diao)度管(guan)理(li)條例實(shi)(shi)施辦法》《電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)穩(wen)定(ding)評價導(dao)則》等標準和規范(fan)性(xing)文件。

（二）應關注中西部與東部經濟和電力發展不平衡正在縮小的情況

一(yi)是中西部與(yu)東(dong)部沿海地區(qu)經濟發展不平衡度的縮小對電力增(zeng)長(chang)率的影響(xiang)已經顯現。“十三五”期(qi)間，東(dong)部沿海地區(qu)的電力電量消費水平已達到發達國(guo)家平均(jun)水平，其增(zeng)長(chang)率預計會處于較低的個位數水平。

二是東部可再生能源開發程(cheng)度(du)相對較(jiao)低，特別是海上風(feng)電、分布式太陽能發電和生物質發電，具(ju)有(you)較(jiao)大開發利用空間。

三是跨省區交直流特高壓輸電(dian)(dian)基本不(bu)參與調峰等輔助服務，對受端電(dian)(dian)網運行影(ying)響(xiang)很大。

四是隨著可再生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)成本不斷下降，其上網電(dian)(dian)(dian)價已接近(jin)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)上網價格。如果通過特高壓(ya)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)從(cong)西北、北方地區向(xiang)華東(dong)等(deng)沿海地區輸(shu)入可再生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)，其電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)損耗(hao)與輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)成本均(jun)很高，已逐步(bu)失去(qu)價格競爭優勢(shi)。建議(yi)研究調整(zheng)“西電(dian)(dian)(dian)東(dong)送”規劃思路，以(yi)免(mian)資源(yuan)配置失去(qu)優化，降低電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)資產使用(yong)效率。

（三）應研究電網投資等對輸配電成本影響的相互關系

現行(xing)省級電網企(qi)業(ye)輸(shu)配電準許(xu)(xu)(xu)收(shou)入的(de)計(ji)算方法是：準許(xu)(xu)(xu)收(shou)入=準許(xu)(xu)(xu)成本+準許(xu)(xu)(xu)收(shou)益+價(jia)內稅金；準許(xu)(xu)(xu)成本=基(ji)準期(qi)準許(xu)(xu)(xu)成本+監(jian)管(guan)周(zhou)期(qi)新(xin)(xin)增（減(jian)少）準許(xu)(xu)(xu)成本。監(jian)管(guan)周(zhou)期(qi)新(xin)(xin)增準許(xu)(xu)(xu)成本，指(zhi)規劃新(xin)(xin)增輸(shu)配電固定(ding)資產投資額轉為(wei)用于計(ji)提折舊的(de)新(xin)(xin)增輸(shu)配電固定(ding)資產原值。

由此可見，規劃(hua)(hua)新(xin)增輸(shu)(shu)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)資(zi)(zi)產越大(da)(da)，則電(dian)(dian)(dian)網企(qi)業收(shou)入越多(duo)。這(zhe)驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)網企(qi)業將輸(shu)(shu)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)資(zi)(zi)產盡量做(zuo)大(da)(da)，以獲取更多(duo)的(de)(de)利(li)益。現行電(dian)(dian)(dian)價政策要求，“規劃(hua)(hua)新(xin)增輸(shu)(shu)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)固(gu)(gu)定資(zi)(zi)產投資(zi)(zi)額(e)，按(an)照有權限(xian)的(de)(de)政府主管部門預(yu)測的(de)(de)、符(fu)合電(dian)(dian)(dian)力規劃(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網投資(zi)(zi)計劃(hua)(hua)，并根據固(gu)(gu)定資(zi)(zi)產投資(zi)(zi)增長應與規劃(hua)(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量增長、負荷增長、供電(dian)(dian)(dian)可靠性相匹配(pei)的(de)(de)原則統籌核定。”

這(zhe)一規(gui)定非常原(yuan)則性(xing)，沒有可(ke)操作性(xing)。為使(shi)規(gui)劃(hua)更趨科學性(xing)，建議政府部門組織研究電力發展(zhan)規(gui)劃(hua)投資與(yu)電力電量增長、電力可(ke)靠性(xing)之間的相互關系；并(bing)由有實力的第三方機構(gou)進行“十(shi)三五”電力發展(zhan)規(gui)劃(hua)的落實情況評(ping)估和“十(shi)四五”電力發展(zhan)規(gui)劃(hua)的起草。

（四）應當助力電力體制改革

“十四五”電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)發(fa)展(zhan)規劃(hua)應明確，將增(zeng)量(liang)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)改革試點企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)規劃(hua)，納入到(dao)省級及以下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)發(fa)展(zhan)總體(ti)規劃(hua)中(zhong)，并在政府監管機構的(de)監督下落實(shi)規劃(hua)的(de)實(shi)施，以防(fang)止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網企(qi)業(ye)(ye)借助壟斷地位(wei)阻礙電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市場(chang)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)進行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網接(jie)(jie)入、增(zeng)容擴(kuo)業(ye)(ye)，保(bao)障獨(du)立(li)售電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)等市場(chang)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)正常參與市場(chang)交易(yi)和經營。規劃(hua)要明確保(bao)障社會民間電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)投(tou)資企(qi)業(ye)(ye)建設(she)的(de)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項目的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網接(jie)(jie)入系統要按主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)工程(cheng)進度適(shi)時投(tou)運，保(bao)證發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項目按時投(tou)產并網發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，真正做到(dao)無岐視開(kai)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網。

應(ying)研究(jiu)讓社會力(li)(li)量(liang)開發(fa)(fa)(fa)分(fen)布(bu)式(shi)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)規劃政策(ce)。分(fen)布(bu)式(shi)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)有諸多優勢，是未來(lai)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)力(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)大趨勢，是電(dian)力(li)(li)市場化(hua)改革的(de)(de)重(zhong)要內容，電(dian)力(li)(li)規劃應(ying)當滿足并促進分(fen)布(bu)式(shi)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。當前，由(you)于(yu)電(dian)網企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)壟斷(duan)地位，以(yi)(yi)綜合(he)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)服務為抓手(shou)，以(yi)(yi)分(fen)布(bu)式(shi)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)為切入(ru)點，正悄然進入(ru)電(dian)網以(yi)(yi)外的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)市場，與社會能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)企(qi)業(ye)爭利(li)明顯，在一定(ding)程度上限制了(le)社會企(qi)業(ye)開發(fa)(fa)(fa)分(fen)布(bu)式(shi)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)，阻礙了(le)分(fen)布(bu)式(shi)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。“十(shi)四(si)五”電(dian)力(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)規劃應(ying)當體現(xian)電(dian)改9號文件(jian)精神，推進電(dian)力(li)(li)市場化(hua)改革不斷(duan)深(shen)入(ru)。

（五）應著力促進電力向高效、清潔、低碳方向發展

由(you)于資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)稟賦(fu)和煤(mei)炭價格(ge)等優勢，我國以(yi)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)為主的(de)狀(zhuang)況短(duan)期內難以(yi)轉(zhuan)變。但是，“十四五(wu)”期間(jian)必須堅持以(yi)清潔能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)逐步替代煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。對新規(gui)劃(hua)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組要根據當地電(dian)(dian)(dian)網運(yun)行情況選型(xing)，由(you)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)力結構(gou)的(de)持續調整，煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組將越(yue)來越(yue)多地承(cheng)擔電(dian)(dian)(dian)網調峰等輔助(zhu)服務的(de)作用，因此很難在額定負荷(he)工況下(xia)長時(shi)間(jian)連(lian)續運(yun)行，超超臨(lin)界(jie)(jie)機(ji)組在亞臨(lin)界(jie)(jie)狀(zhuang)態(tai)、甚至超高(gao)壓(ya)狀(zhuang)態(tai)下(xia)運(yun)行將是常態(tai)。

因此，一味(wei)追求新建(jian)煤電機組高參(can)數大容量已不再適合時(shi)宜，而(er)應根據(ju)當地電源結構(gou)和電網運行特點選(xuan)擇合適參(can)數的機組，以免“大馬拉小車”而(er)造(zao)成浪費。