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隨著我(wo)國建設新型電力系(xi)統(tong)等戰(zhan)略目標的(de)(de)(de)(de)提出，電網企業的(de)(de)(de)(de)投資和運營(ying)模式將面臨深刻(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展變革，國家能源政(zheng)策(ce)目標逐漸向低碳轉型調(diao)整，我(wo)國現(xian)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)、基于成本的(de)(de)(de)(de)監管機(ji)制將逐漸難以適應新時(shi)期電力行(xing)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)質量發展要求，亟(ji)待結合我(wo)國新時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)能源政(zheng)策(ce)優(you)化調(diao)整。

新型電力系統建設對于我國電網運行和投資的影響

為容(rong)(rong)納新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)規(gui)模接(jie)(jie)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)，新(xin)(xin)(xin)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系統建設將(jiang)顯著增加電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)需(xu)求。首先，新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)規(gui)模接(jie)(jie)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)勢必帶來(lai)大(da)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)配套送出(chu)工程(cheng)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)需(xu)求;其次，為緩解新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)出(chu)力(li)(li)(li)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系統運(yun)行安(an)全(quan)和(he)穩定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)企業(ye)需(xu)加大(da)對(dui)數字電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)、智能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)力(li)(li)(li)度(du);第三，儲能(neng)和(he)分布式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)接(jie)(jie)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)將(jiang)在一定(ding)(ding)程(cheng)度(du)上改變輸配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)各電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等(deng)級容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)用率(lv)，影(ying)響各電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等(deng)級的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)規(gui)模。最(zui)后，鑒于新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)有(you)效發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)偏低的(de)(de)(de)(de)特點，大(da)規(gui)模新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)接(jie)(jie)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)可能(neng)加劇遠距離送電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)共用輸配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)絡容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)在系統高峰(feng)負荷時(shi)段的(de)(de)(de)(de)緊(jin)張程(cheng)度(du)，使得電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)擴容(rong)(rong)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)序發生變化(hua)，提高輸配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統未來(lai)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)值(zhi)。值(zhi)得注意的(de)(de)(de)(de)是，新(xin)(xin)(xin)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系統建設背景下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)更多受到新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)接(jie)(jie)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)數量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)、保障(zhang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)大(da)規(gui)模接(jie)(jie)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)條件(jian)下(xia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)全(quan)穩定(ding)(ding)運(yun)行和(he)促進新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消納等(deng)驅動因素影(ying)響，難以與終端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)用戶的(de)(de)(de)(de)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負荷和(he)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)簡單掛鉤。

電網(wang)運(yun)維(wei)方式(shi)發生變(bian)化，運(yun)維(wei)成本將(jiang)增(zeng)加(jia)。隨著新型電力系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)建設和發展，電力電子(zi)裝(zhuang)置、大(da)規模儲能(neng)裝(zhuang)置等(deng)新型電力設備將(jiang)獲得(de)廣(guang)泛(fan)應用，電網(wang)對柔性可(ke)控和安(an)全(quan)穩定的(de)(de)(de)要求越來越高，為保障電網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)靠運(yun)行(xing)，勢(shi)必會增(zeng)加(jia)電網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行(xing)和維(wei)護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)成本。并且，由(you)于(yu)新能(neng)源(yuan)地(di)理廣(guang)泛(fan)分布特征，風電、太陽能(neng)遠(yuan)離(li)負荷中心，將(jiang)增(zeng)加(jia)遠(yuan)距離(li)輸電網(wang)成本和系統(tong)損耗。

高比例可再生能源接入國家的輸配電價監管實踐及啟示

從國(guo)際實踐來看(kan)，英國(guo)和澳大利亞等(deng)高比例新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)接入國(guo)家在輸(shu)配電價(jia)定價(jia)監管機制的(de)研究和應(ying)用上(shang)有(you)著較為(wei)豐富的(de)經驗，各(ge)國(guo)均(jun)根據其電力(li)體(ti)制、電力(li)行業的(de)發(fa)展乃(nai)至(zhi)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)政策的(de)變(bian)化不(bu)斷優化、完善其輸(shu)配電價(jia)監管機制。

建(jian)立(li)“激勵(li)約束相容(rong)”的(de)(de)(de)監(jian)管(guan)機制。英國(guo)和澳大(da)利亞的(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)配電(dian)(dian)價監(jian)管(guan)由傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)于成本(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)監(jian)管(guan)逐(zhu)漸(jian)向“激勵(li)約束相容(rong)”的(de)(de)(de)激勵(li)性監(jian)管(guan)轉變。其(qi)一是(shi)建(jian)立(li)了(le)基(ji)(ji)于新能源(yuan)發展、供(gong)電(dian)(dian)可(ke)靠性和客戶滿(man)意度等的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)目(mu)標激勵(li)機制，以電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)企業可(ke)控、可(ke)量化、可(ke)審(shen)計、可(ke)比(bi)較的(de)(de)(de)主要指(zhi)標為基(ji)(ji)礎，衡量電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)企業的(de)(de)(de)相關表(biao)現，以經濟獎勵(li)和聲譽獎勵(li)的(de)(de)(de)方式激勵(li)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)企業;其(qi)二則是(shi)建(jian)立(li)了(le)投(tou)資、運(yun)維支出偏(pian)差(cha)共享/共擔機制，即當電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)企業實際發生的(de)(de)(de)投(tou)資與計劃存在(zai)偏(pian)差(cha)時，根(gen)據偏(pian)差(cha)的(de)(de)(de)性質(zhi)，由電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)企業和終端用戶共同(tong)分享/承(cheng)擔相關收益和成本(ben)(ben)，激勵(li)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)企業合理(li)控制支出。

監(jian)(jian)管周(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)隨政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)變(bian)化不斷優(you)化調(diao)整。監(jian)(jian)管周(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)設定(ding)(ding)是監(jian)(jian)管機制設計(ji)中的(de)(de)重要部分(fen)之一。周(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)設計(ji)得(de)過短(duan)，既(ji)會(hui)給能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)價格主管部門造成較大的(de)(de)工作壓力(li)，也會(hui)為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)網企(qi)業帶來更(geng)多政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)的(de)(de)不確定(ding)(ding)性(xing)(xing)，不利于電(dian)(dian)網企(qi)業從更(geng)長遠的(de)(de)角度制定(ding)(ding)工作計(ji)劃;周(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)過長，則(ze)會(hui)使得(de)監(jian)(jian)管機制難(nan)以(yi)靈(ling)活(huo)地(di)適應(ying)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)的(de)(de)變(bian)化，造成監(jian)(jian)管目標(biao)和能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)難(nan)以(yi)匹配(pei)。因此，監(jian)(jian)管周(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)設置應(ying)適應(ying)電(dian)(dian)網發展(zhan)(zhan)情況和國(guo)家能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)的(de)(de)變(bian)化。從國(guo)際實(shi)踐來看，英(ying)(ying)國(guo)曾經(jing)將(jiang)輸、配(pei)電(dian)(dian)價監(jian)(jian)管周(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)從5年(nian)延長為(wei)(wei)8年(nian)，但隨著歐盟低碳轉(zhuan)型目標(biao)的(de)(de)提出，電(dian)(dian)網發展(zhan)(zhan)重新面臨(lin)不確定(ding)(ding)性(xing)(xing)，英(ying)(ying)國(guo)適時縮短(duan)了(le)輸配(pei)電(dian)(dian)價監(jian)(jian)管周(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)，以(yi)適應(ying)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)的(de)(de)頻繁調(diao)整。

對成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)認(ren)定更加全面(mian)、科學、合(he)理。英國(guo)、澳大利亞等國(guo)家在低碳轉型過(guo)程中，逐步建立(li)了基于“自(zi)(zi)上(shang)(shang)而下(xia)(xia)”的(de)(de)(de)總支(zhi)出(chu)分(fen)析(xi)和“自(zi)(zi)下(xia)(xia)而上(shang)(shang)”的(de)(de)(de)作業成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)分(fen)析(xi)的(de)(de)(de)輸配(pei)電成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)分(fen)析(xi)方(fang)法。其中，“自(zi)(zi)上(shang)(shang)而下(xia)(xia)”指從宏觀出(chu)發(fa)(fa)，綜合(he)電網(wang)運(yun)營的(de)(de)(de)年用電量(liang)、負荷(he)、供(gong)電可(ke)靠性(xing)(xing)、服務用戶(hu)總數等因素，開展歷史趨勢(shi)分(fen)析(xi)、公(gong)司間(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)對比分(fen)析(xi)等，并運(yun)用校(xiao)正最小(xiao)二乘法(COLs)等先進模型開展測算(suan)，審定在特定的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)出(chu)目(mu)標下(xia)(xia)，其發(fa)(fa)生的(de)(de)(de)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)運(yun)維成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)總額(e)的(de)(de)(de)合(he)理性(xing)(xing);“自(zi)(zi)下(xia)(xia)而上(shang)(shang)”則是從微(wei)觀出(chu)發(fa)(fa)，采用作業成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)法等對分(fen)類(lei)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)合(he)理性(xing)(xing)進行(xing)認(ren)定，例如英國(guo)將輸配(pei)電成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)分(fen)為直(zhi)接/非直(zhi)接運(yun)行(xing)支(zhi)出(chu)、負荷(he)/非負荷(he)資(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)支(zhi)出(chu)等，根(gen)據各(ge)層級分(fen)類(lei)特性(xing)(xing)，開展分(fen)類(lei)標桿(gan)分(fen)析(xi)、單位(wei)產(chan)出(chu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)分(fen)析(xi)等，認(ren)定分(fen)類(lei)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)生的(de)(de)(de)合(he)理性(xing)(xing)。

有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)資(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)的(de)核定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)機制更加健全(quan)。有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)資(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)的(de)核定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)主要(yao)包括(kuo)核定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)范圍、價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)認(ren)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)以及投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)轉(zhuan)資(zi)(zi)三方(fang)面(mian)。在(zai)核定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)范圍方(fang)面(mian)，有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)資(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)一般包括(kuo)固定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)資(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)凈值(zhi)、無形資(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)凈值(zhi)、營運資(zi)(zi)本(ben)等(deng)，包括(kuo)美國德州和日(ri)本(ben)等(deng)部分國家及地區(qu)將在(zai)建(jian)工(gong)程也納入(ru)輸配電定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)價(jia)(jia)有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)資(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)中。在(zai)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)認(ren)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)方(fang)面(mian)，國際上存在(zai)賬面(mian)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)和重估成本(ben)法(fa)(fa)(fa)兩種方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。其中，賬面(mian)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)可(ke)通過(guo)財務報告中獲取(qu)，獲取(qu)便捷且易于審(shen)核，但可(ke)能會(hui)存在(zai)數據獲取(qu)較難或不充(chong)分、通貨膨脹或技術進步低(di)估資(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)的(de)實際價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)的(de)問題;重估成本(ben)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)優點(dian)是能夠有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)衡量資(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)的(de)公允價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)，但缺(que)點(dian)是需要(yao)專家判斷并花(hua)費(fei)較為昂貴的(de)信息收集費(fei)用。投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)轉(zhuan)資(zi)(zi)方(fang)面(mian)，澳(ao)大(da)利亞監管機構對于投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)計劃的(de)全(quan)額(e)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)認(ren)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)為有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)資(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)，而英國則根(gen)據預(yu)設轉(zhuan)資(zi)(zi)率將總成本(ben)支出的(de)一部分轉(zhuan)化為有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)資(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)，鼓勵電網企業合理(li)控制投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)規(gui)模(mo)。

準許(xu)收(shou)(shou)(shou)益(yi)率(lv)(lv)(lv)根(gen)據市場及(ji)行(xing)業的(de)公(gong)(gong)允水平(ping)確(que)定(ding)。從(cong)國際實踐來(lai)看，輸配電價(jia)定(ding)價(jia)準許(xu)收(shou)(shou)(shou)益(yi)率(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)確(que)定(ding)一般基(ji)于(yu)較為科學的(de)方法(fa)和公(gong)(gong)允的(de)利(li)(li)率(lv)(lv)(lv)基(ji)準。例如在權益(yi)資(zi)本(ben)收(shou)(shou)(shou)益(yi)率(lv)(lv)(lv)選(xuan)擇方面，英(ying)國、澳(ao)大利(li)(li)亞等國家均應用(yong)資(zi)本(ben)資(zi)產定(ding)價(jia)模型(CAPM)進行(xing)參(can)數選(xuan)擇。其中(zhong)，英(ying)國對無(wu)風險收(shou)(shou)(shou)益(yi)率(lv)(lv)(lv)主要采(cai)用(yong)指(zhi)數型金邊債券(quan)(quan)(Index-Linked Gilts，ILGs)收(shou)(shou)(shou)益(yi)率(lv)(lv)(lv)，而(er)(er)澳(ao)大利(li)(li)亞則以(yi)10年(nian)期聯邦政府債券(quan)(quan)日均收(shou)(shou)(shou)益(yi)率(lv)(lv)(lv)。債務資(zi)本(ben)收(shou)(shou)(shou)益(yi)率(lv)(lv)(lv)方面，澳(ao)大利(li)(li)亞根(gen)據澳(ao)洲央行(xing)公(gong)(gong)布的(de)數據，以(yi)10年(nian)期、BBB信用(yong)評級(ji)的(de)非金融公(gong)(gong)司債收(shou)(shou)(shou)益(yi)率(lv)(lv)(lv)預估的(de)往績平(ping)均值計算每一年(nian)的(de)債務回報(bao)率(lv)(lv)(lv);而(er)(er)英(ying)國則按照iBoxx債券(quan)(quan)指(zhi)數的(de)10年(nian)移動平(ping)均值確(que)定(ding)債務資(zi)本(ben)收(shou)(shou)(shou)益(yi)率(lv)(lv)(lv)。

我國現行輸配電價監管機制存在的問題

能源監管機構的監管能力(li)(li)存在不足，各部門職(zhi)能缺乏協同，難(nan)以(yi)促進新型電力(li)(li)系統高效建設

能源(yuan)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)機構監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)能力(li)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)足(zu)主要體現(xian)在人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)數(shu)量(liang)和技(ji)術(shu)(shu)力(li)量(liang)不(bu)足(zu)兩個(ge)方面(mian)。在人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)數(shu)量(liang)方面(mian)，目(mu)前承(cheng)擔(dan)輸配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)工作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)國家發改(gai)委和地方物(wu)價(jia)(jia)部門(men)的(de)(de)(de)相關(guan)職能部門(men)，人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)數(shu)量(liang)存在不(bu)足(zu)，且(qie)相關(guan)工作(zuo)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)可能同(tong)時(shi)承(cheng)擔(dan)其他價(jia)(jia)格管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)工作(zuo)，在新(xin)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統加速建(jian)設、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)投資規模不(bu)斷(duan)擴(kuo)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)下，現(xian)有的(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)數(shu)量(liang)難(nan)以實現(xian)高(gao)效監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)要求;在技(ji)術(shu)(shu)力(li)量(liang)方面(mian)，考慮到(dao)輸配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)定價(jia)(jia)監(jian)(jian)(jian)審(shen)工作(zuo)涉及專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)范圍廣、技(ji)術(shu)(shu)性強，僅依靠會計師(shi)事(shi)務(wu)所(suo)等財(cai)會技(ji)術(shu)(shu)力(li)量(liang)難(nan)以滿足(zu)輸配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)定價(jia)(jia)成本(ben)監(jian)(jian)(jian)審(shen)的(de)(de)(de)要求，加之新(xin)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統建(jian)設使得輸配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)定價(jia)(jia)成本(ben)監(jian)(jian)(jian)審(shen)中成本(ben)費用合理(li)性的(de)(de)(de)評估(gu)難(nan)度增大(da)，需(xu)要同(tong)時(shi)具(ju)備電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)和財(cai)會專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)知識的(de)(de)(de)相關(guan)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)，而目(mu)前的(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)能力(li)無法達(da)到(dao)此條件(jian)。

能源管(guan)理機構(gou)各(ge)部門職能缺(que)乏(fa)協同，主要體現在(zai)電網(wang)(wang)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)管(guan)理權(quan)(quan)限(xian)與定(ding)(ding)價(jia)權(quan)(quan)限(xian)不(bu)匹配。根(gen)據《中央定(ding)(ding)價(jia)目(mu)(mu)錄(lu)》的(de)相(xiang)關(guan)規定(ding)(ding)，省(sheng)(sheng)及(ji)(ji)省(sheng)(sheng)以(yi)(yi)上電網(wang)(wang)的(de)輸配電價(jia)定(ding)(ding)價(jia)權(quan)(quan)限(xian)在(zai)國(guo)務院價(jia)格(ge)主管(guan)部門，而根(gen)據《政府核(he)(he)準(zhun)的(de)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)項目(mu)(mu)目(mu)(mu)錄(lu)》規定(ding)(ding)，不(bu)涉及(ji)(ji)跨境、跨省(sheng)(sheng)區(qu)輸電的(de)±500千伏(fu)(fu)及(ji)(ji)以(yi)(yi)上直流(liu)項目(mu)(mu)和(he)500千伏(fu)(fu)、750千伏(fu)(fu)和(he)1000千伏(fu)(fu)交流(liu)項目(mu)(mu)等由省(sheng)(sheng)政府能源主管(guan)核(he)(he)準(zhun)，其他(ta)由地方政府按照(zhao)相(xiang)關(guan)規劃核(he)(he)準(zhun)。在(zai)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)定(ding)(ding)價(jia)權(quan)(quan)限(xian)不(bu)匹配、能源管(guan)理機構(gou)各(ge)部門職能缺(que)乏(fa)協同的(de)情況下，各(ge)省(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)時難以(yi)(yi)綜(zong)合平衡電網(wang)(wang)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)經濟效(xiao)益和(he)社會承受力，可能出現投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)后成本(ben)難以(yi)(yi)疏導，或(huo)電價(jia)空間利用(yong)不(bu)充分造成投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)足等一系(xi)(xi)列問(wen)題。在(zai)新型電力系(xi)(xi)統建設不(bu)斷深化的(de)現階(jie)段，新能源電源的(de)大規模(mo)接入(ru)將(jiang)帶來較大的(de)電網(wang)(wang)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)需求(qiu)，因投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)定(ding)(ding)價(jia)管(guan)理權(quan)(quan)限(xian)不(bu)匹配造成電網(wang)(wang)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)低效(xiao)或(huo)成本(ben)疏導困難的(de)問(wen)題將(jiang)日趨明顯。

監管模式缺乏激勵機制，難以適應新型電力系統高質量發展要求

現(xian)行(xing)(xing)輸(shu)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)監管機(ji)制(zhi)在線(xian)損(sun)管理、供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可(ke)靠性、客(ke)戶服(fu)務水平和(he)(he)可(ke)再(zai)生能源消納(na)等(deng)方面缺乏(fa)激勵機(ji)制(zhi)。目(mu)前我國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)建設目(mu)標逐步向供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可(ke)靠、客(ke)戶滿意和(he)(he)促(cu)進(jin)可(ke)再(zai)生能源消納(na)等(deng)高質量發展(zhan)(zhan)目(mu)標邁(mai)進(jin)，而(er)我國(guo)現(xian)行(xing)(xing)的(de)輸(shu)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)監管機(ji)制(zhi)缺乏(fa)相應的(de)激勵機(ji)制(zhi)，難(nan)以激勵、引(yin)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)企業(ye)保障電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)運行(xing)(xing)安全(quan)、提(ti)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)運行(xing)(xing)效率、提(ti)高客(ke)戶服(fu)務滿意度和(he)(he)促(cu)進(jin)可(ke)再(zai)生能源消納(na)，難(nan)以適應我國(guo)新型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統建設和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)體系(xi)高質量發展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)要求。

現(xian)(xian)行(xing)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)新增投(tou)資和(he)(he)運(yun)行(xing)維(wei)護(hu)費核定機(ji)制(zhi)約(yue)(yue)束(shu)(shu)強而缺乏節約(yue)(yue)分(fen)享、獎勵機(ji)制(zhi)，難以(yi)引(yin)導電(dian)(dian)網(wang)企業(ye)優(you)化投(tou)資和(he)(he)運(yun)行(xing)，不利于電(dian)(dian)網(wang)企業(ye)可持續(xu)發(fa)展(zhan)和(he)(he)新型電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統建設。隨著新型電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統建設速度加(jia)快，“重約(yue)(yue)束(shu)(shu)、輕(qing)激勵”的現(xian)(xian)行(xing)機(ji)制(zhi)一方面可能難以(yi)適應新時期的電(dian)(dian)網(wang)發(fa)展(zhan)需(xu)要，另一方面不利于引(yin)導電(dian)(dian)網(wang)優(you)化投(tou)資運(yun)行(xing)，提(ti)高效率。

成本費用界定方式亟待優化，現行方式不利于支撐新型電力系統可持續發展

成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)費(fei)用(yong)的(de)核(he)定(ding)規則以歷史為基(ji)礎，對成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)節約激(ji)(ji)勵不足。在核(he)定(ding)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)費(fei)用(yong)的(de)過程中，本(ben)(ben)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)材料(liao)修理費(fei)通常按照(zhao)上(shang)一周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)核(he)定(ding)結果(guo)加新(xin)增(zeng)資產原值和2.5%上(shang)限與實際發生數孰低(di)確定(ding);新(xin)增(zeng)的(de)其(qi)他運維費(fei)率按照(zhao)上(shang)一監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)的(de)70%核(he)定(ding)。上(shang)述(shu)定(ding)價機制不僅無法(fa)有效激(ji)(ji)勵節約成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)，反而(er)可能造成(cheng)(cheng)浪費(fei)，即(ji)歷史成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)發生越(yue)少的(de)單(dan)位(wei)，新(xin)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)的(de)準許運維成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)越(yue)低(di)、實際經(jing)營(ying)中相關資金越(yue)不足。反之，歷史成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)發生越(yue)多的(de)單(dan)位(wei)，未來經(jing)營(ying)相關資金越(yue)寬松。所以，現行監(jian)(jian)審(shen)辦法(fa)缺乏科學、客(ke)觀、規范的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)費(fei)用(yong)合理性判別標(biao)準。

電(dian)網企業輸(shu)配電(dian)資(zi)產的實際折(zhe)舊(jiu)率高于定(ding)價折(zhe)舊(jiu)率，使得實際年折(zhe)舊(jiu)費(fei)(fei)與定(ding)價折(zhe)舊(jiu)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)存在(zai)較大差異，造成兩(liang)種折(zhe)舊(jiu)年限差異對應(ying)的折(zhe)舊(jiu)費(fei)(fei)無法(fa)回(hui)收和有效(xiao)資(zi)產減(jian)少。在(zai)電(dian)網企業實際經(jing)營過程中(zhong)，存在(zai)由(you)于輸(shu)配電(dian)網運營相關固定(ding)資(zi)產實際折(zhe)舊(jiu)年限低于成本監(jian)審(shen)規定(ding)的定(ding)價折(zhe)舊(jiu)年限，導致部分資(zi)產賬面顯示(shi)已(yi)計提(ti)完折(zhe)舊(jiu)，但從定(ding)價角度并未完成折(zhe)舊(jiu)計提(ti)現象的出(chu)現。如按照報(bao)表(biao)數據進行監(jian)審(shen)，則(ze)會(hui)出(chu)現兩(liang)種折(zhe)舊(jiu)年限差異對應(ying)的折(zhe)舊(jiu)費(fei)(fei)無法(fa)回(hui)收和有效(xiao)資(zi)產減(jian)少兩(liang)個(ge)問題(ti)，相關機制亟待完善。

輸配電價監管機制調整建議

目(mu)前我(wo)國第三監管周期(qi)輸配電(dian)價定價已經全面(mian)開(kai)展，為推(tui)動(dong)新(xin)型電(dian)力(li)系統有效建設(she)和新(xin)時期(qi)電(dian)網企業高質(zhi)量發(fa)展，輸配電(dian)價監管機制也應在(zai)總結前期(qi)經驗和問題的基礎上，通(tong)過(guo)機制創新(xin)等手段，優化輸配電(dian)價監管模式(shi)和定價機制。

引入“激勵約束相容”的監管機制

我國對(dui)輸配(pei)電(dian)價的(de)(de)監管(guan)應(ying)逐步由基于成本(ben)的(de)(de)監管(guan)向(xiang)基于績效的(de)(de)監管(guan)轉變，通過(guo)引入各種具有實(shi)操性(xing)的(de)(de)激勵約束機制，引導電(dian)網企業自主提高(gao)電(dian)網運(yun)行、投資(zi)效率，加大新(xin)能(neng)源消納的(de)(de)力(li)度。

建立基(ji)于(yu)新(xin)能(neng)源消納、供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可(ke)靠(kao)性、客戶滿(man)(man)意(yi)度(du)等的(de)多(duo)目標(biao)激勵(li)機制(zhi)。從國(guo)際實踐(jian)來看，英國(guo)和(he)澳大(da)利(li)亞(ya)等新(xin)能(neng)源高(gao)占比國(guo)家為(wei)適應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力產業(ye)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)以及(ji)(ji)能(neng)源政策的(de)發展和(he)變化，建立了基(ji)于(yu)新(xin)能(neng)源發展、供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可(ke)靠(kao)性和(he)客戶滿(man)(man)意(yi)度(du)等的(de)多(duo)目標(biao)激勵(li)機制(zhi)。借(jie)鑒(jian)國(guo)際先(xian)進經驗，建議近(jin)期(qi)在促進新(xin)能(neng)源接(jie)入和(he)消納方面建立基(ji)于(yu)經濟獎勵(li)的(de)激勵(li)性機制(zhi)，激勵(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)企業(ye)通過優化電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)調控運行和(he)投資策略等方式(shi)，在及(ji)(ji)時滿(man)(man)足(zu)新(xin)能(neng)源大(da)規模(mo)接(jie)入需求的(de)同(tong)時降低因電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)阻塞等因素(su)造成的(de)棄(qi)風、棄(qi)光(guang)問(wen)題(ti)的(de)出(chu)現，并(bing)在遠期(qi)逐步引入基(ji)于(yu)諸如新(xin)能(neng)源發展、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統安全可(ke)靠(kao)性、客戶服務滿(man)(man)意(yi)度(du)等多(duo)維評價(jia)、激勵(li)機制(zhi)，協同(tong)促進新(xin)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統建設和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)企業(ye)的(de)可(ke)持續發展。

建立(li)(li)投(tou)資(zi)、運(yun)維支(zhi)出偏(pian)差共享(xiang)/共擔(dan)(dan)機(ji)制。從國外實(shi)踐來看，英國和澳大(da)利亞等輸配電(dian)(dian)價(jia)監管機(ji)制較為(wei)成(cheng)熟的國家均建立(li)(li)了諸如“共享(xiang)調整系數”和“資(zi)本(ben)/運(yun)行效率(lv)分享(xiang)計劃”等節約(yue)成(cheng)本(ben)分享(xiang)機(ji)制。借鑒(jian)國際(ji)先進經驗，建議在(zai)(zai)近期(qi)建立(li)(li)計劃支(zhi)出與實(shi)際(ji)支(zhi)出的偏(pian)差共享(xiang)/共擔(dan)(dan)機(ji)制，對于電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)企業(ye)實(shi)際(ji)成(cheng)本(ben)與準許成(cheng)本(ben)之(zhi)間的差額部(bu)分，按(an)一定的比例(li)納入下一監管周期(qi)成(cheng)本(ben)監審基期(qi)結果當(dang)中，比例(li)由監管機(ji)構與電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)企業(ye)協商設定，并在(zai)(zai)遠(yuan)期(qi)探索實(shi)施電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和用(yong)戶的偏(pian)差共享(xiang)/共擔(dan)(dan)比例(li)與支(zhi)出屬性掛鉤(gou)的機(ji)制，當(dang)偏(pian)差支(zhi)出涉(she)及研發等電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)創新(xin)(xin)活動時，電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)企業(ye)可多(duo)享(xiang)、少擔(dan)(dan)，反之(zhi)則(ze)少享(xiang)、多(duo)擔(dan)(dan)，以此激勵電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)企業(ye)創新(xin)(xin)優化運(yun)行投(tou)資(zi)，提(ti)高電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)運(yun)行投(tou)資(zi)效率(lv)。

健全、完善現有準許收入核定規則

合理確定固(gu)定資產(chan)(chan)定價(jia)(jia)折舊年(nian)限(xian)。為充分(fen)(fen)體現不同環境下輸(shu)變(bian)電(dian)資產(chan)(chan)的實(shi)際運(yun)(yun)行生(sheng)命周期，建議充分(fen)(fen)考慮不同自然環境對輸(shu)變(bian)電(dian)設備運(yun)(yun)行生(sheng)命周期的影響，根據(ju)(ju)自然環境條(tiao)件、經濟發達程度將全國劃分(fen)(fen)為若干個片區(qu)，根據(ju)(ju)各區(qu)域的實(shi)際情況有針對性地(di)調整定價(jia)(jia)折舊年(nian)限(xian)區(qu)間，確保(bao)定價(jia)(jia)折舊年(nian)限(xian)與實(shi)際資產(chan)(chan)使(shi)用壽命保(bao)持(chi)一致，保(bao)障電(dian)網(wang)的投資能力及電(dian)網(wang)安(an)全穩定運(yun)(yun)行。

追溯調(diao)整企業賬面已提前計提完(wan)折舊(jiu)的(de)(de)資(zi)(zi)產(chan)價(jia)值。根(gen)據合理彌補成(cheng)本原則，建(jian)議(yi)將(jiang)(jiang)核(he)價(jia)周期(qi)(qi)內新增的(de)(de)、賬面已計提完(wan)折舊(jiu)的(de)(de)資(zi)(zi)產(chan)，按(an)首個監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)周期(qi)(qi)定(ding)價(jia)折舊(jiu)政(zheng)策進(jin)行追溯調(diao)整，并(bing)將(jiang)(jiang)相應折舊(jiu)費(fei)計入監(jian)(jian)(jian)審(shen)(shen)定(ding)價(jia)準許成(cheng)本。此外(wai)，由于成(cheng)本監(jian)(jian)(jian)審(shen)(shen)以監(jian)(jian)(jian)審(shen)(shen)年(nian)(nian)年(nian)(nian)度財務報表的(de)(de)固(gu)定(ding)資(zi)(zi)產(chan)凈(jing)值為基(ji)礎進(jin)行核(he)定(ding)，實際(ji)折舊(jiu)費(fei)大于核(he)定(ding)的(de)(de)折舊(jiu)費(fei)的(de)(de)部分(fen)，將(jiang)(jiang)減少(shao)有效資(zi)(zi)產(chan)規(gui)模和凈(jing)資(zi)(zi)產(chan)收(shou)益(yi)率水平，建(jian)議(yi)同步調(diao)整。

優(you)化(hua)完(wan)善(shan)現(xian)(xian)行資(zi)產轉(zhuan)資(zi)率(lv)規定。現(xian)(xian)行輸配電(dian)(dian)價監(jian)(jian)(jian)管機(ji)制明確(que)“預計(ji)新(xin)增(zeng)(zeng)投(tou)資(zi)計(ji)入(ru)固(gu)(gu)定資(zi)產比(bi)(bi)率(lv)原則上不超過上一監(jian)(jian)(jian)管周期新(xin)增(zeng)(zeng)投(tou)資(zi)計(ji)入(ru)固(gu)(gu)定資(zi)產比(bi)(bi)率(lv)，最高不超過75%”，該機(ji)制可能(neng)(neng)鼓勵電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)虛增(zeng)(zeng)投(tou)資(zi)，降(jiang)低電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)投(tou)資(zi)效率(lv)，也不利于(yu)新(xin)型電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統建(jian)設背景下電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)可持續發展。隨著新(xin)型電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統建(jian)設不斷推進和監(jian)(jian)(jian)管數據的(de)(de)不斷積累，建(jian)議通過加(jia)強(qiang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管機(ji)構專業性、提高監(jian)(jian)(jian)管能(neng)(neng)力、優(you)化(hua)成本(ben)監(jian)(jian)(jian)審流程(cheng)等方式，強(qiang)化(hua)對電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)企業新(xin)增(zeng)(zeng)投(tou)資(zi)合理性的(de)(de)評估，并建(jian)立后(hou)評估機(ji)制，逐步替代現(xian)(xian)有的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)資(zi)率(lv)機(ji)制。

優化新能源大規模接入情況下的成本、投資參數認定規則

優化完善現行新(xin)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)固定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)資(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)認(ren)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)規(gui)(gui)則。現行省級電(dian)(dian)網輸(shu)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)價定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)價辦法中(zhong)提出“預計新(xin)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)輸(shu)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)固定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)資(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)按照不高于歷(li)史(shi)單(dan)位電(dian)(dian)量固定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)資(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)的(de)(de)原(yuan)則核(he)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)”，該機制制定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)初衷是為提高資(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)運行投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)效率(lv)，穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)終端(duan)用戶(hu)電(dian)(dian)價。但隨著(zhu)經濟(ji)轉型(xing)升級，電(dian)(dian)網未(wei)來(lai)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)更(geng)多(duo)(duo)是為了(le)滿足供(gong)電(dian)(dian)可靠性(xing)(xing)、提升電(dian)(dian)能(neng)質量、最高負(fu)荷增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長等(deng)。因(yin)此，以(yi)歷(li)史(shi)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)量關系計算未(wei)來(lai)的(de)(de)新(xin)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)，已難以(yi)滿足經濟(ji)社會發展的(de)(de)需要(yao)。所以(yi)，在新(xin)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)建設初期，建議優化和完善現行新(xin)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)固定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)資(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)認(ren)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)機制，結(jie)合前兩個輸(shu)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)價監管周期的(de)(de)數據積(ji)累，根據行業實際實事(shi)求(qiu)是地調整相應規(gui)(gui)則，明(ming)確投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)界(jie)面(mian)延伸的(de)(de)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)全額納(na)入定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)價;在新(xin)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)建設逐漸成熟時，逐步建立與新(xin)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)電(dian)(dian)量、系統(tong)最大(da)負(fu)荷、系統(tong)可靠性(xing)(xing)要(yao)求(qiu)及新(xin)能(neng)源滲透率(lv)等(deng)多(duo)(duo)因(yin)素關聯的(de)(de)新(xin)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)固定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)資(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)認(ren)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)機制。

優化新增(zeng)材(cai)料修(xiu)理(li)費(fei)(fei)及(ji)其(qi)他費(fei)(fei)用(yong)核(he)定(ding)(ding)規則(ze)。現行(xing)(xing)定(ding)(ding)價(jia)辦法規定(ding)(ding)新增(zeng)材(cai)料費(fei)(fei)、修(xiu)理(li)費(fei)(fei)、人工費(fei)(fei)三項合計增(zeng)幅(fu)不超過(guo)2%，對一些資產(chan)規模大、地域(yu)廣、電(dian)(dian)網結構復雜(za)的省級(ji)電(dian)(dian)網企業，實際材(cai)料及(ji)修(xiu)理(li)費(fei)(fei)需求客觀較高(gao)，實際費(fei)(fei)率(lv)高(gao)于定(ding)(ding)價(jia)辦法規定(ding)(ding)水平，若按照(zhao)定(ding)(ding)價(jia)辦法三項成本的增(zeng)幅(fu)，難以滿足電(dian)(dian)網實際需求。與(yu)此(ci)同時，新能源大規模接入導致電(dian)(dian)網需要(yao)投(tou)入更多的運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)維護費(fei)(fei)用(yong)。因此(ci)，建(jian)議近期參考前兩個監(jian)管周期電(dian)(dian)網運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)實際維護費(fei)(fei)率(lv)發(fa)生(sheng)情況，按照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)網實際費(fei)(fei)率(lv)水平核(he)定(ding)(ding)新增(zeng)材(cai)料、修(xiu)理(li)費(fei)(fei)及(ji)其(qi)他費(fei)(fei)用(yong)，并逐(zhu)步(bu)建(jian)立(li)基于標準成本或標尺競爭機制的客觀、合理(li)的運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)維護費(fei)(fei)率(lv)認(ren)定(ding)(ding)機制，激勵電(dian)(dian)網企業提(ti)高(gao)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)效率(lv)，合理(li)節約運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)維護成本。

建(jian)立基于標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)或標(biao)(biao)(biao)尺(chi)競(jing)爭的(de)(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)定(ding)(ding)價(jia)(jia)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)合(he)(he)理(li)(li)(li)性(xing)評估機(ji)制。目前(qian)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)監審(shen)辦(ban)法主要是通(tong)過(guo)歷史成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)發生來確定(ding)(ding)費用的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)理(li)(li)(li)性(xing)，難(nan)以(yi)鼓(gu)勵電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)公司進(jin)一步提(ti)高(gao)運(yun)行效(xiao)率，也(ye)會陷入鼓(gu)勵成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)浪(lang)費的(de)(de)(de)(de)誤區。從國際實(shi)踐(jian)來看，英國和(he)(he)澳大利亞在運(yun)維(wei)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)合(he)(he)理(li)(li)(li)性(xing)評估方面均采取了“自上而(er)下(xia)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)總支出分(fen)析和(he)(he)“自下(xia)而(er)上”的(de)(de)(de)(de)作業(ye)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)分(fen)析方法，從宏觀和(he)(he)微觀的(de)(de)(de)(de)角度對電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)企業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)總成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)支出和(he)(he)分(fen)類成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)支出的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)理(li)(li)(li)性(xing)和(he)(he)有效(xiao)性(xing)進(jin)行認定(ding)(ding)。因此，近期(qi)建(jian)議價(jia)(jia)格主管部門結合(he)(he)前(qian)兩個輸(shu)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)監管周期(qi)實(shi)際發生的(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)維(wei)費情況合(he)(he)理(li)(li)(li)判(pan)定(ding)(ding)第三(san)周期(qi)運(yun)維(wei)費標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)，并逐步在全(quan)國范圍(wei)內逐步開展基于標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)或標(biao)(biao)(biao)尺(chi)競(jing)爭的(de)(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)定(ding)(ding)價(jia)(jia)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)合(he)(he)理(li)(li)(li)性(xing)評估機(ji)制研(yan)究，確定(ding)(ding)各省級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)輸(shu)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)水平，在為電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)企業(ye)提(ti)供標(biao)(biao)(biao)桿的(de)(de)(de)(de)同時，確保電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)持(chi)續(xu)發展能力(li)。