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構(gou)建(jian)以新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主體(ti)的(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)型電(dian)力系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)關(guan)鍵，在于提升系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)靈(ling)活(huo)性(xing)。儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)重要(yao)的(de)(de)調節資源(yuan)，對于促進(jin)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)高比例消納、保(bao)障電(dian)力安(an)全供應和(he)提高電(dian)力系(xi)(xi)統(tong)運行(xing)效率具有(you)重要(yao)作用。行(xing)業應根據各類儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)自身特(te)點(dian)，結合以新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主體(ti)的(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)型電(dian)力系(xi)(xi)統(tong)運行(xing)要(yao)求，協(xie)調推進(jin)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)行(xing)業發展。

儲能有助于構建綠色、安全、高效的新型電力系統

儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)有助于提高(gao)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消納水平(ping)，實現(xian)綠色低碳發展。構建新(xin)(xin)型電力系(xi)統的基本內涵是(shi)重(zhong)構能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)產(chan)供儲(chu)銷體系(xi)，實現(xian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)結構由以(yi)化(hua)石(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)為(wei)主體向(xiang)以(yi)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)為(wei)主體的轉型升級(ji)。與(yu)化(hua)石(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)相比，風電、光伏等(deng)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)是(shi)“看天(tian)吃飯”的不穩定電源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，而儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)可有效解決新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)出力與(yu)用電負荷時空不匹配的問題，實現(xian)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)充分(fen)消納利用。

儲能(neng)有助于增強系(xi)統(tong)(tong)靈(ling)活(huo)性，提高新型(xing)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)安全(quan)水(shui)平。以(yi)新能(neng)源為主(zhu)體的(de)新型(xing)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)呈(cheng)現明顯的(de)高比例可(ke)再生能(neng)源接入與(yu)高比例電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)子設備應用的(de)“雙(shuang)高”特性。在(zai)碳達峰、碳中和目標約束下，煤電(dian)(dian)等傳統(tong)(tong)調節電(dian)(dian)源發(fa)展規模受限(xian)，未來(lai)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)靈(ling)活(huo)性難(nan)以(yi)滿足(zu)新能(neng)源大規模并網(wang)的(de)運行要求。充(chong)放靈(ling)活(huo)的(de)儲能(neng)不僅可(ke)有效提升(sheng)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)調節能(neng)力(li)，還可(ke)以(yi)為系(xi)統(tong)(tong)提供頻率、電(dian)(dian)壓支(zhi)撐，改善電(dian)(dian)能(neng)質量，提高新型(xing)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)安全(quan)穩定水(shui)平。

儲能(neng)應(ying)用場景多元，可(ke)提高(gao)(gao)(gao)新(xin)型電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)的(de)運行(xing)效(xiao)率。在電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)側(ce)，儲能(neng)可(ke)以通過協同優(you)化運行(xing)提高(gao)(gao)(gao)新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)消納水平；在電(dian)(dian)網側(ce)，儲能(neng)可(ke)以提高(gao)(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)網供電(dian)(dian)能(neng)力(li)，延緩或(huo)替代電(dian)(dian)網投資(zi)；在用戶側(ce)，儲能(neng)可(ke)以與新(xin)型電(dian)(dian)力(li)終端深度(du)融合，形成產銷一體、智慧用能(neng)的(de)能(neng)源(yuan)消費新(xin)格局，提高(gao)(gao)(gao)系統(tong)運行(xing)效(xiao)率。

根據新型電力系統運行要求，在不同時間尺度上發展不同功能定位的儲能

構建新(xin)型電力(li)系統的核(he)心，是(shi)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源成為主(zhu)體電源后如何實現(xian)和保障不同(tong)時(shi)間尺度上(shang)的電力(li)電量平(ping)衡，其關鍵在于統籌發展不同(tong)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)定位的儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)。

電化(hua)(hua)學儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)具有(you)精準控制、快(kuai)速響應、布局靈活的特點，持續放(fang)電時(shi)間(jian)為(wei)分鐘至(zhi)小時(shi)級，充放(fang)電轉(zhuan)換相(xiang)對靈活，可快(kuai)速吸收、釋(shi)放(fang)功率，能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠有(you)效支(zhi)撐節點電壓、平抑系統頻(pin)(pin)率波(bo)動(dong)，將(jiang)不穩(wen)定(ding)的新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源出(chu)力轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)為(wei)穩(wen)定(ding)可靠的電力供應，適用(yong)于超短周期（毫秒至(zhi)秒級）和短周期（分鐘至(zhi)小時(shi)級）調頻(pin)(pin)調壓場景。電化(hua)(hua)學儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)主要(yao)解決(jue)新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源波(bo)動(dong)性問題，在頻(pin)(pin)率控制、改善電能(neng)(neng)(neng)質(zhi)量、可再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源消(xiao)納等方面將(jiang)發揮(hui)重(zhong)要(yao)作用(yong)。

抽水(shui)蓄(xu)能(neng)(neng)具(ju)有大規模能(neng)(neng)量吞(tun)吐能(neng)(neng)力(li)，放(fang)電(dian)時間(jian)(jian)為小(xiao)時級及以上，具(ju)有長(chang)時間(jian)(jian)尺度(du)（日內和多日）的電(dian)網調峰及電(dian)力(li)平(ping)衡能(neng)(neng)力(li)。抽水(shui)蓄(xu)能(neng)(neng)主要解決新能(neng)(neng)源間(jian)(jian)歇性問題，在提升系統調峰能(neng)(neng)力(li)、系統安全性和特殊天氣場(chang)景下電(dian)力(li)供(gong)應保障能(neng)(neng)力(li)等方面作用明顯(xian)。

氫能(neng)具備清潔和(he)長(chang)周期(qi)(qi)儲(chu)能(neng)優(you)勢，可(ke)解決風電、光伏等可(ke)再生能(neng)源(yuan)不穩定和(he)低(di)能(neng)量密度問題，實現高(gao)比例可(ke)再生能(neng)源(yuan)的中長(chang)期(qi)(qi)（季節(jie)）供需平衡。目前，氫能(neng)技術在電-氫轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換、氫能(neng)輸送(song)和(he)存(cun)(cun)儲(chu)等方面還有(you)待(dai)提高(gao)，但隨著電-氫轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換技術的進步(bu)和(he)成本降低(di)，氫能(neng)有(you)望在新能(neng)源(yuan)大(da)規模長(chang)周期(qi)(qi)存(cun)(cun)儲(chu)方面發揮重要作用。

結合新型電力系統的特點，協調推動儲能發展

集(ji)中式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和分布(bu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)相結合(he)發(fa)展。當(dang)前，新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)展呈現(xian)出集(ji)中式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)與分布(bu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)并(bing)(bing)舉(ju)的態(tai)勢，新(xin)(xin)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統的網(wang)架(jia)結構(gou)將向“主干網(wang)架(jia)+中小型(xing)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)及(ji)微型(xing)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)”柔性互聯形(xing)態(tai)發(fa)展，與此相適應，行(xing)業應推動集(ji)中式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和分布(bu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)相結合(he)發(fa)展。集(ji)中式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)包括抽水蓄(xu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、大容量儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)站等(deng)。抽水蓄(xu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)適合(he)長(chang)時間尺(chi)度電(dian)(dian)網(wang)調峰及(ji)電(dian)(dian)力(li)平衡(heng)場(chang)景，可(ke)(ke)統一在(zai)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)側配(pei)置(zhi)；大容量儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)站可(ke)(ke)在(zai)集(ji)中式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)基地適當(dang)配(pei)置(zhi)，以實現(xian)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)統與新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)、電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的協調優化(hua)運行(xing)。分布(bu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)包括小型(xing)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、電(dian)(dian)動汽車等(deng)，可(ke)(ke)推動建設(she)小區、樓(lou)宇、家庭應用場(chang)景下的分布(bu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)設(she)備(bei)，實現(xian)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)設(she)備(bei)的混合(he)配(pei)置(zhi)、高效管理、友好并(bing)(bing)網(wang)，促進新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)就(jiu)地就(jiu)近(jin)消納(na)利用。

電儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)與(yu)其(qi)他各(ge)(ge)類(lei)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)相結(jie)合(he)發展(zhan)。柔性(xing)開放(fang)是新(xin)型電力系統(tong)的(de)顯著特征，新(xin)型電力系統(tong)將實(shi)現多元(yuan)化(hua)源(yuan)荷開放(fang)接入。在(zai)此背景下(xia)，應推動電儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)與(yu)各(ge)(ge)類(lei)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)相結(jie)合(he)發展(zhan)。在(zai)發電側(ce)(ce)，可(ke)大力推進(jin)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)場站配(pei)置新(xin)型儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)，研(yan)究推廣(guang)光熱發電儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)；在(zai)電網(wang)(wang)側(ce)(ce)，可(ke)加快抽水蓄能(neng)(neng)電站建設，推進(jin)電網(wang)(wang)側(ce)(ce)新(xin)型儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)合(he)理布局；在(zai)用戶側(ce)(ce)，可(ke)推動新(xin)型儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)多元(yuan)化(hua)發展(zhan)，研(yan)究儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)電與(yu)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)熱、儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)冷、儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)氫等各(ge)(ge)類(lei)型儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)相結(jie)合(he)發展(zhan)，實(shi)現在(zai)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)高效利用目標下(xia)，以(yi)電能(neng)(neng)為核心的(de)多能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)生產(chan)和消費的(de)匹配(pei)。

以數(shu)字化(hua)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)推動(dong)儲能(neng)(neng)與新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)協同運行(xing)。數(shu)字化(hua)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)是支撐構建(jian)新(xin)型(xing)(xing)電力(li)系統(tong)的(de)關鍵技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)。依托云計算(suan)、移動(dong)互(hu)聯網、人(ren)工(gong)智能(neng)(neng)以及先(xian)進傳(chuan)感測(ce)量、通信(xin)信(xin)息(xi)、控制技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)等(deng)現(xian)代化(hua)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)，能(neng)(neng)實現(xian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)網荷儲之(zhi)間的(de)高效(xiao)交(jiao)互(hu)，提升新(xin)型(xing)(xing)電力(li)系統(tong)靈活(huo)性。在此背景下，行(xing)業可利用物聯網和(he)區塊鏈等(deng)數(shu)字化(hua)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)，聚合用戶(hu)側儲能(neng)(neng)、電動(dong)汽車(che)等(deng)海量可調(diao)(diao)節資源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，實現(xian)“新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)+儲能(neng)(neng)”“新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)+電動(dong)汽車(che)”協調(diao)(diao)運行(xing)，促進新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)大(da)規模并網和(he)消納。

注：本文作者楊再敏、孫思揚均供職于南方電網能源發展研究院。