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在國家發改委、國家能源局聯合發布的《關于完善能源綠色低碳轉型體制機制和政策措施的意見》中，涵蓋了能源低碳轉型相關的政策體系、市場機制、產業方向、技術創新、資金支持等方面內容，既是對既有政策的延續和深化，也在以下方面開辟了新的局面。

新型電力系統內涵發生重大變化

2021年3月，中央財經委員會(hui)第(di)九次(ci)會(hui)議正式提出“構(gou)建以新(xin)能(neng)源為主體的新(xin)型電力系(xi)統”，將新(xin)能(neng)源發(fa)展提升到前所未(wei)有的高度，對火電、新(xin)能(neng)源、電網等行業帶來(lai)巨大影響,同時(shi)也(ye)將產(chan)生(sheng)其他機遇。

去年(nian)(nian)(nian)下半年(nian)(nian)(nian)的全球能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)力短缺(que)問題，對于“一刀(dao)切”的環保政策、“爆發(fa)(fa)式”的減(jian)碳(tan)高調，無(wu)疑是一針(zhen)清(qing)醒劑。突如(ru)其來(lai)的頓挫必將帶來(lai)反思和調整。2021年(nian)(nian)(nian)12月初(chu)的中(zhong)央經濟工(gong)作會議提出立足(zu)以煤(mei)為主的基本國(guo)情;國(guo)家能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)局(ju)2022年(nian)(nian)(nian)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)作會議也明確，要立足(zu)以煤(mei)為主的基本國(guo)情，傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)逐步(bu)退出要建立在新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)安全可(ke)靠的替代(dai)基礎上，堅持先立后破，意味著能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)展政策向更(geng)加務實、可(ke)行的方向轉變，解(jie)決好新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)與(yu)傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)、新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)與(yu)電(dian)網(wang)之間(jian)的矛盾，夯實電(dian)力系統(tong)(tong)穩定基礎，才能(neng)(neng)使能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)低碳(tan)轉型(xing)行穩致遠(yuan)。

事實上，對于新(xin)(xin)型(xing)電力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)內(nei)涵(han)的調整早已(yi)(yi)見(jian)端倪(ni)。今(jin)年1月(yue)28日，國(guo)家發改委、國(guo)家能源(yuan)局發布《關于加快建設全(quan)國(guo)統(tong)(tong)一電力(li)(li)市場體(ti)系(xi)(xi)的指導意見(jian)》，已(yi)(yi)不見(jian)“以(yi)新(xin)(xin)能源(yuan)為主體(ti)”的字樣，而是“推動形(xing)成(cheng)適合(he)中國(guo)國(guo)情、有(you)更強(qiang)新(xin)(xin)能源(yuan)消納能力(li)(li)的新(xin)(xin)型(xing)電力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)”。

此次《意見》實際(ji)上對新(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的內(nei)涵(han)進(jin)行(xing)了更加全面的詮釋：首先，新(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)能(neng)夠適應新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)發(fa)展需要，是適應可再生能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)局(ju)域深度利用(yong)(yong)和(he)廣域輸送的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網體(ti)系(xi)(xi)，意味著新(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)是促進(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)行(xing)業低碳轉(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)(xing)的重要載(zai)體(ti)。其次，新(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)在靈活性(xing)資源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)引(yin)入方面具有(you)很強的包容性(xing)，既能(neng)促進(jin)多(duo)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)協(xie)同發(fa)展，煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深調(diao)改造、氣(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、常規水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)增容、抽(chou)水(shui)(shui)蓄(xu)能(neng)、新(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)儲(chu)能(neng)、光(guang)熱(re)都是可選項(xiang);又能(neng)有(you)效促進(jin)需求側調(diao)節，發(fa)揮削(xue)峰填(tian)谷、促進(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)供需平衡的作用(yong)(yong);還能(neng)與供熱(re)(供冷)、供氣(qi)等(deng)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)形成區域綜合能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)。第三，新(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)受到健全的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場機(ji)制(zhi)支撐(cheng)，實現電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)中長期、現貨和(he)輔助服務交易(yi)有(you)機(ji)銜接，有(you)完善的容量市(shi)(shi)場交易(yi)機(ji)制(zhi)，通(tong)過(guo)市(shi)(shi)場化方式促進(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)綠色低碳發(fa)展。

促進新能源發展的政策再添籌碼

雖然新(xin)(xin)型電力(li)系統不(bu)(bu)再冠以“以新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)為主體”的抬頭，但一個核心(xin)要(yao)求是“適應新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)電力(li)發展(zhan)需要(yao)”，支持新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發展(zhan)的方向并不(bu)(bu)會(hui)改(gai)變。《意見》以打破體制機制為突破點(dian)，至少(shao)在以下方面(mian)提升支持力(li)度。

一是打破能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)耗(hao)總量(liang)(liang)(liang)限制(zhi)，非(fei)(fei)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)展目(mu)標(biao)(biao)或超預(yu)期(qi)。《意(yi)見》要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)建(jian)立非(fei)(fei)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)目(mu)標(biao)(biao)制(zhi)度(du)并(bing)與能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)耗(hao)“雙控”并(bing)列，形成(cheng)非(fei)(fei)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)既基本滿足(zu)(zu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)增(zeng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)又規模(mo)化(hua)(hua)替代(dai)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)存量(liang)(liang)(liang)。強化(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)耗(hao)強度(du)降低約束(shu)性指標(biao)(biao)管(guan)理(li)(li)，有效(xiao)增(zeng)強能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消費總量(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)彈性。釋放(fang)的(de)(de)信號是：能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)耗(hao)總量(liang)(liang)(liang)目(mu)標(biao)(biao)不(bu)再是硬約束(shu)，但前提(ti)是非(fei)(fei)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)展速(su)度(du)滿足(zu)(zu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)增(zeng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。只(zhi)要(yao)非(fei)(fei)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)增(zeng)速(su)足(zu)(zu)夠，能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)耗(hao)總量(liang)(liang)(liang)不(bu)再設置天花板，為(wei)國民經(jing)濟發(fa)展釋放(fang)了空間(jian)。按(an)(an)照多家(jia)權威機(ji)構預(yu)測，2030年我國能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)耗(hao)總量(liang)(liang)(liang)將達到(dao)60億噸標(biao)(biao)準煤，相對2020年增(zeng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)為(wei)10億噸，按(an)(an)照非(fei)(fei)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)“基本滿足(zu)(zu)”增(zeng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)又規模(mo)化(hua)(hua)替代(dai)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)存量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)，其增(zeng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)至少達到(dao)8.5億噸以上，如(ru)此推算將略高于2030年非(fei)(fei)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)25%的(de)(de)目(mu)標(biao)(biao)。新能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)作為(wei)非(fei)(fei)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)主(zhu)力將繼(ji)續(xu)高速(su)增(zeng)長。

二是打破區(qu)域(yu)消(xiao)(xiao)納壁壘，加強新能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源并(bing)網消(xiao)(xiao)納。《意見(jian)》要求(qiu)：鼓勵各(ge)地區(qu)通(tong)過(guo)區(qu)域(yu)協作或開(kai)展可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源電力消(xiao)(xiao)納量交易等方(fang)式，滿足國家規定(ding)的可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源消(xiao)(xiao)費最低比重等指標要求(qiu)，建(jian)立跨(kua)區(qu)域(yu)的能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源安(an)全與發(fa)展協調機(ji)制，加強省際、區(qu)域(yu)間電網互聯互通(tong)，進(jin)一步完善跨(kua)省跨(kua)區(qu)電價形成機(ji)制，促進(jin)可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源在更大范圍消(xiao)(xiao)納。支(zhi)持(chi)新能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源電力能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)建(jian)盡建(jian)、能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)并(bing)盡并(bing)、能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)發(fa)盡發(fa)。

三(san)是綠(lv)電(綠(lv)證)消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)機(ji)制(zhi)將(jiang)加(jia)(jia)快建立(li)。加(jia)(jia)快建設全國綠(lv)色(se)電力交易(yi)市場，建立(li)健全綠(lv)色(se)能源消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)促進機(ji)制(zhi)，建立(li)綠(lv)色(se)能源消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)認證機(ji)制(zhi)，完善和推廣綠(lv)色(se)電力證書(shu)交易(yi)，促進綠(lv)色(se)電力消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)。

四是(shi)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)近交(jiao)易(yi)(隔墻售(shou)電(dian)(dian))的機制必(bi)將突破。《意見》多次強調分布式能源就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)近消納和(he)交(jiao)易(yi)的要求：鼓勵通過(guo)(guo)創新(xin)電(dian)(dian)力(li)輸送及運行(xing)方式實現可再(zai)生能源電(dian)(dian)力(li)項目就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)近向產業園區或企業供電(dian)(dian);積極推(tui)進分布式發(fa)電(dian)(dian)市場化(hua)交(jiao)易(yi)，支(zhi)持分布式發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(含(han)電(dian)(dian)儲能、電(dian)(dian)動車船等)與(yu)同一配電(dian)(dian)網內的電(dian)(dian)力(li)用戶通過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)力(li)交(jiao)易(yi)平臺就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)近進行(xing)交(jiao)易(yi);農村地區支(zhi)持新(xin)能源電(dian)(dian)力(li)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)近交(jiao)易(yi)。

揭開農村生物質能源發展新藍海

《意(yi)見》對(dui)于農(nong)(nong)村(cun)生物(wu)質能源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)展提(ti)出了有力的支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)(chi)措施：中央財政資金(jin)進一步(bu)向農(nong)(nong)村(cun)能源(yuan)建設傾(qing)斜，利(li)用現有資金(jin)渠道支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)(chi)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)能源(yuan)供應基礎設施建設。在(zai)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)地區優(you)先支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)(chi)沼(zhao)氣發(fa)(fa)電(dian)等生物(wu)質能發(fa)(fa)電(dian)接入電(dian)網，電(dian)網企業等應當優(you)先收購其(qi)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)量。

生(sheng)物質(zhi)資源(yuan)是自(zi)然(ran)界目(mu)前唯一可(ke)(ke)獲(huo)得的可(ke)(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)燃(ran)料，其來源(yuan)廣(guang)泛、體量較大(da)，一定程度上可(ke)(ke)儲存、可(ke)(ke)運(yun)輸(shu)，同時可(ke)(ke)轉化為電、熱、氣、液體燃(ran)料等多種形式，在實現(xian)可(ke)(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能源(yuan)發(fa)電和可(ke)(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能源(yuan)燃(ran)料替(ti)代(dai)方面將發(fa)揮不(bu)可(ke)(ke)替(ti)代(dai)的作用。

我國(guo)是(shi)生(sheng)物(wu)質(zhi)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)大國(guo)，農村(cun)地區每(mei)年林業(ye)廢(fei)棄物(wu)、農作物(wu)秸(jie)稈、規模(mo)化(hua)畜禽糞便資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年可能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)化(hua)使用(yong)總(zong)(zong)(zong)量，總(zong)(zong)(zong)計折合(he)標準煤5億噸(dun)以上，全(quan)部利用(yong)可達到我國(guo)一次(ci)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)總(zong)(zong)(zong)量的(de)10%。同時(shi)發展(zhan)生(sheng)物(wu)質(zhi)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，能(neng)促進資(zi)金、技術、產業(ye)向(xiang)農村(cun)轉移，能(neng)與(yu)鄉村(cun)振興緊密結(jie)合(he)，也是(shi)消除農村(cun)污染的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)手段。

當(dang)前，我國(guo)生物質(zhi)能源仍(reng)處(chu)于初級(ji)發展(zhan)階段，未(wei)來更大(da)規模(mo)發展(zhan)是實(shi)現“雙碳”目標的(de)必由(you)之路，其市場空間年產值將超千億元，資本下(xia)鄉將成趨勢。