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隨著我國能源轉型快速推進，預計到2025年、2030年，新能源發電量在全社會用電量中的占比將分別達到18.6%和25.9%。當可再生能源滲透率超過15%時，電力系統靈活運行將成為關鍵。2021年12月，國家能源局下發了新版《電力并網運行管理規定》《電力輔助服務管理辦法》（下稱“新版兩個細則”），進一步完善電力輔助服務價格傳導機制，加快構建以新能源為主體的新型電力系統。

并網(wang)(wang)及輔助服務主體(ti)由(you)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)側拓(tuo)展(zhan)到(dao)新型儲能及負荷(he)側。新型電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統的運行特性由(you)源(yuan)隨荷(he)動的實時平衡模(mo)式(shi)向源(yuan)網(wang)(wang)荷(he)儲協(xie)調互動的非完全實時平衡模(mo)式(shi)轉變，負荷(he)側及儲能等將在電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統調節中發(fa)揮重要(yao)作用(yong)。

舊版(ban)并網及輔助服務(wu)主(zhu)(zhu)體主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)是火電(dian)(dian)(dian)、水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)常(chang)規電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，而新版(ban)兩個細(xi)則在常(chang)規電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的基礎上(shang)，進一(yi)步(bu)拓展(zhan)到風電(dian)(dian)(dian)、光伏(fu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)、光熱發電(dian)(dian)(dian)、抽水(shui)蓄能、自備電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠和新型(xing)儲(chu)能、可調節負荷等(deng)主(zhu)(zhu)體，并新增新能源(yuan)、新型(xing)儲(chu)能和負荷側并網主(zhu)(zhu)體的技術(shu)指(zhi)導及管理要(yao)求，更(geng)適應新型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統建(jian)設、發展(zhan)趨勢。

豐富電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)輔(fu)助服(fu)務產品。新型電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)是(shi)對傳統(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)升級(ji)，新能(neng)源將成為裝機(ji)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)，集(ji)中式(shi)和分布式(shi)并重，發(fa)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)體(ti)(ti)的(de)“產消者”將大量(liang)涌現。同(tong)時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)將由以(yi)同(tong)步發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)為主(zhu)導的(de)機(ji)械電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)向以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子設備和同(tong)步機(ji)共(gong)同(tong)主(zhu)導的(de)混合系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)轉變。

舊版輔(fu)助服務(wu)(wu)產品(pin)(pin)主要包(bao)括調頻、調峰、備用、無功、黑啟動等(deng)品(pin)(pin)種，而新(xin)版輔(fu)助服務(wu)(wu)產品(pin)(pin)增加了轉(zhuan)動慣(guan)量、爬坡、調相(xiang)、穩定切負(fu)荷等(deng)品(pin)(pin)種，進一步解(jie)決新(xin)能源(yuan)出力(li)(li)的間(jian)歇(xie)性、波動性、弱(ruo)慣(guan)量支(zhi)撐等(deng)問題(ti)，確保電力(li)(li)系統安全(quan)穩定運(yun)行。

完(wan)(wan)善用戶共(gong)擔(dan)共(gong)享輔(fu)(fu)(fu)助(zhu)(zhu)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)機制(zhi)。舊(jiu)版(ban)輔(fu)(fu)(fu)助(zhu)(zhu)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)考(kao)核(he)和補償(chang)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)主體主要(yao)(yao)是發電(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業。自(zi)2015年電(dian)(dian)(dian)改9號文(wen)出(chu)臺以來，我國建立了相對完(wan)(wan)善的(de)(de)中長(chang)期電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)交易市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)和輔(fu)(fu)(fu)助(zhu)(zhu)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)，但輔(fu)(fu)(fu)助(zhu)(zhu)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)考(kao)核(he)與補償(chang)主體仍主要(yao)(yao)是常規(gui)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)。雖然部分地區將風電(dian)(dian)(dian)、光電(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)(deng)納入輔(fu)(fu)(fu)助(zhu)(zhu)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)考(kao)核(he)范圍，但上下(xia)游(you)價格(ge)傳導機制(zhi)并(bing)不(bu)完(wan)(wan)善。為此(ci)，新版(ban)輔(fu)(fu)(fu)助(zhu)(zhu)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)按照“誰(shui)提供，誰(shui)獲利；誰(shui)受(shou)益、誰(shui)承(cheng)擔(dan)”的(de)(de)原則，進(jin)一(yi)步完(wan)(wan)善輔(fu)(fu)(fu)助(zhu)(zhu)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)考(kao)核(he)補償(chang)機制(zhi)，形成由發電(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業、市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)用戶等(deng)(deng)所有并(bing)網主體共(gong)同(tong)承(cheng)擔(dan)的(de)(de)輔(fu)(fu)(fu)助(zhu)(zhu)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)分攤格(ge)局，進(jin)一(yi)步完(wan)(wan)善輔(fu)(fu)(fu)助(zhu)(zhu)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)交易機制(zhi)，降低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統的(de)(de)輔(fu)(fu)(fu)助(zhu)(zhu)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)成本，提高資源使用效率。

推進跨(kua)(kua)省(sheng)(sheng)跨(kua)(kua)區(qu)輔助服(fu)務機(ji)制建(jian)設。我國水電(dian)(dian)主要集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)云(yun)南、四(si)川等西南地(di)區(qu)，風光(guang)主要集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)三北地(di)區(qu)，負(fu)荷重心(xin)主要集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)東部沿(yan)海地(di)區(qu)，碳達峰、碳中(zhong)(zhong)和(he)目標要求可(ke)再生能源更(geng)大范圍優化配置和(he)協(xie)同消納，這使得(de)跨(kua)(kua)省(sheng)(sheng)跨(kua)(kua)區(qu)電(dian)(dian)力市場成為新型電(dian)(dian)力系統建(jian)設的重要內容。

目前我國跨(kua)省(sheng)跨(kua)區(qu)電(dian)(dian)力(li)交(jiao)易主(zhu)要以年(nian)度(du)、月度(du)、周度(du)和多日等中長期(qi)合約交(jiao)易為主(zhu)。2021年(nian)11月16日，國家(jia)發改委、國家(jia)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)局批(pi)復國家(jia)電(dian)(dian)網有(you)限公司《省(sheng)間電(dian)(dian)力(li)現貨交(jiao)易規則》，要求積極(ji)穩妥推進(jin)省(sheng)間電(dian)(dian)力(li)現貨交(jiao)易。對此，新版(ban)輔助服務市場將助推跨(kua)省(sheng)跨(kua)區(qu)電(dian)(dian)力(li)輔助服務機(ji)制建設，有(you)力(li)支(zhi)撐新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)跨(kua)省(sheng)跨(kua)區(qu)市場化(hua)交(jiao)易，促(cu)進(jin)新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)在更大范圍消納(na)。

有利(li)(li)于火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)盈利(li)(li)修復。在此前的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)輔(fu)(fu)助服(fu)(fu)務(wu)市場(chang)中(zhong)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企業既是(shi)(shi)輔(fu)(fu)助服(fu)(fu)務(wu)補償方又是(shi)(shi)被考(kao)(kao)核(he)(he)方，考(kao)(kao)核(he)(he)費(fei)用相(xiang)當于“左手倒右手”，參與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市場(chang)的(de)(de)積(ji)極性不高，更多(duo)是(shi)(shi)為(wei)了完(wan)成(cheng)考(kao)(kao)核(he)(he)要(yao)求(qiu)。而新版(ban)輔(fu)(fu)助服(fu)(fu)務(wu)按(an)照“誰提供、誰獲(huo)利(li)(li)；誰受益、誰承擔(dan)”的(de)(de)原則，逐步建立電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)用戶參與(yu)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)輔(fu)(fu)助服(fu)(fu)務(wu)分(fen)擔(dan)共(gong)享機制，并根據不同類型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)用戶的(de)(de)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)特性，因地制宜制定相(xiang)應的(de)(de)分(fen)擔(dan)標(biao)準，輔(fu)(fu)助服(fu)(fu)務(wu)費(fei)用將(jiang)(jiang)逐步向(xiang)用戶側、新能源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)轉移，火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)分(fen)攤的(de)(de)輔(fu)(fu)助服(fu)(fu)務(wu)費(fei)用將(jiang)(jiang)下(xia)降(jiang)，獲(huo)得(de)的(de)(de)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)收益將(jiang)(jiang)提高。同時，新增轉動慣量(liang)、爬坡(po)等輔(fu)(fu)助服(fu)(fu)務(wu)品種，有利(li)(li)于火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)拓(tuo)展(zhan)收益來源。

推進用電(dian)(dian)側(ce)商業(ye)模(mo)式(shi)創新。2021年底(di)，電(dian)(dian)價改革取消了(le)工商業(ye)目錄(lu)電(dian)(dian)價，科學(xue)劃分(fen)峰(feng)谷時段(duan)，將峰(feng)谷價差進一(yi)步拉大到3:1，部分(fen)地區(qu)不低(di)于(yu)4:1，并建立(li)尖峰(feng)電(dian)(dian)價，為用戶側(ce)商業(ye)模(mo)式(shi)創新奠定了(le)電(dian)(dian)價基礎。

此前，用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)側資源很難接入(ru)電(dian)(dian)網調(diao)度并參(can)(can)(can)與電(dian)(dian)力輔助服務，而新(xin)版(ban)兩個(ge)細則將(jiang)傳統(tong)(tong)高載能工業(ye)負(fu)荷(he)、工商(shang)業(ye)可中斷負(fu)荷(he)、電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車充電(dian)(dian)網絡、虛擬電(dian)(dian)廠等負(fu)荷(he)側并網主體納入(ru)統(tong)(tong)一調(diao)度和(he)分級管理，并推動(dong)其參(can)(can)(can)與電(dian)(dian)力輔助服務市場(chang)。電(dian)(dian)價改(gai)革及新(xin)版(ban)兩個(ge)細則有(you)利(li)于(yu)推動(dong)工商(shang)業(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)能模式(shi)創新(xin)，以及用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)側儲能、虛擬電(dian)(dian)廠、電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車參(can)(can)(can)與電(dian)(dian)力輔助服務，同時有(you)利(li)于(yu)推進(jin)綜合(he)能源發展及用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)側靈活性資源建設。

推動新(xin)(xin)能源向穩定電(dian)量電(dian)力(li)主(zhu)體(ti)轉變。新(xin)(xin)版兩個細(xi)則要(yao)求新(xin)(xin)能源并(bing)網要(yao)具備(bei)有(you)功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率和無(wu)功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率調節能力(li)，同(tong)時提高新(xin)(xin)能源發電(dian)分攤的(de)輔(fu)助服務費用，因(yin)此新(xin)(xin)能源項目(mu)的(de)收益率將(jiang)有(you)一定下行壓力(li)，這將(jiang)倒(dao)逼新(xin)(xin)能源技術進步和市場(chang)化(hua)競爭。

新版兩個細則的(de)目的(de)是促(cu)進新能源發(fa)(fa)展和消納，要(yao)求發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)側并網(wang)主體(ti)具(ju)備相應的(de)調(diao)頻(pin)、調(diao)壓、調(diao)峰能力(li)，加快新能源向穩定電(dian)(dian)量電(dian)(dian)力(li)主體(ti)轉(zhuan)變(bian)，這(zhe)將(jiang)有利于推動三北(bei)光(guang)熱、新型(xing)儲能、存量火(huo)電(dian)(dian)、調(diao)節(jie)型(xing)水電(dian)(dian)與風電(dian)(dian)、光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)互補(bu)調(diao)節(jie)的(de)可(ke)再生能源基地建設，推動西南水電(dian)(dian)與風電(dian)(dian)、太陽(yang)能發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)協同建設。

預計今年(nian)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)公共(gong)事業屬性將增強，盈利有望修復，靈活性改造將加快。同時，新(xin)(xin)型儲能(neng)、抽水(shui)蓄(xu)能(neng)、負荷(he)側(ce)響應、虛(xu)擬電(dian)(dian)廠、可中斷負荷(he)等迎(ying)來快速發展期，對新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)的支(zhi)撐(cheng)作(zuo)用進一(yi)步凸顯。此外(wai)，綠電(dian)(dian)交(jiao)易及(ji)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)跨省跨區市場(chang)化交(jiao)易將進一(yi)步擴(kuo)容。

注：作者系英大證券有限責任公司研究所副所長，本文僅代表個人觀點。