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近日，國家發展改革委發布《關于進一步完善分時電價機制的通知》。《通知》部署各地進一步完善分時電價機制，服務以新能源為主體的新型電力系統建設，促進能源綠色低碳發展。目前，全國已有29個省份實施了分時電價機制。

業內人士指出，受此政(zheng)策引(yin)導，煤電將加快從基礎性(xing)電源向調節性(xing)兜(dou)底(di)保供(gong)電源轉型，此后電煤需求增長(chang)將得(de)到有效控制，能夠為實(shi)現碳(tan)達峰、碳(tan)中(zhong)和(he)目標作(zuo)出積極(ji)貢獻。

發展調峰電源和儲能是構建新型電力系統的基礎

近(jin)年(nian)來，我國能(neng)源消費結構快(kuai)速變(bian)化。一方(fang)(fang)面(mian)，隨著我國產(chan)業結構的不(bu)斷(duan)優化和(he)(he)人民生(sheng)活水平的不(bu)斷(duan)提高，三產(chan)和(he)(he)居(ju)民生(sheng)活用電占(zhan)比(bi)(bi)穩步提升，導(dao)致我國用電峰谷(gu)差(cha)持續加大(da)(da)，全(quan)國日峰谷(gu)差(cha)比(bi)(bi)接近(jin)30%，部分大(da)(da)型城市已經達到(dao)40%。另一方(fang)(fang)面(mian)，為實(shi)現碳達峰、碳中和(he)(he)目標，風(feng)電、光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電裝機規模和(he)(he)占(zhan)比(bi)(bi)快(kuai)速提高。風(feng)電、光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電出力不(bu)穩定(ding)，特別是晚高峰時期光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電出力為零。用電負荷(he)和(he)(he)發(fa)電出力兩方(fang)(fang)面(mian)的發(fa)展(zhan)特性，給電力保供帶來了(le)巨大(da)(da)挑戰。因此，必須大(da)(da)力加強(qiang)調峰儲能(neng)建(jian)設(she)，在風(feng)電、光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電大(da)(da)發(fa)時能(neng)夠降低(di)出力乃(nai)至儲能(neng)，在風(feng)電、光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電出力不(bu)足時能(neng)夠頂峰，才能(neng)保障(zhang)清(qing)潔能(neng)源充分消納，保障(zhang)電力供應安全(quan)穩定(ding)。

優化(hua)峰谷分(fen)時電價機制是促進調(diao)峰電源和儲能發(fa)展(zhan)的基礎性政策(ce)。發(fa)展(zhan)調(diao)峰電源和儲能極為迫(po)切，但如果(guo)沒有(you)相應能夠充(chong)分(fen)反(fan)映電力分(fen)時價值的價格信號，調(diao)峰電源和儲能市場化(hua)發(fa)展(zhan)就不具(ju)備條件。

業(ye)內人士(shi)表示(shi)，由(you)于(yu)此前我(wo)國電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)結構以煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)，煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)既(ji)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)提(ti)供(gong)主(zhu)體(ti)，也(ye)均衡承擔調(diao)峰(feng)責任。由(you)此，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)機(ji)制(zhi)方面進(jin)行了合理簡(jian)化(hua)(hua)，主(zhu)要以均一(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)，高(gao)峰(feng)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、低谷(gu)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)都是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，高(gao)峰(feng)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、低谷(gu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也(ye)都是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)。但(dan)在以新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)體(ti)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統里(li)，逐步由(you)清(qing)潔能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)提(ti)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)，但(dan)需要以調(diao)峰(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和儲能(neng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)提(ti)供(gong)調(diao)峰(feng)服務，仍采用原(yuan)有的(de)均一(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，調(diao)峰(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和儲能(neng)的(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值無法(fa)體(ti)現，也(ye)就無法(fa)實現市場(chang)化(hua)(hua)健康快速發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。上述負責人認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)，國家(jia)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)改革委(wei)優化(hua)(hua)峰(feng)谷(gu)分時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)機(ji)制(zhi)，通(tong)(tong)過價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格指導方式，大力推動拉大峰(feng)谷(gu)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)差，通(tong)(tong)過最有效(xiao)的(de)方式為(wei)(wei)(wei)調(diao)峰(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和儲能(neng)的(de)市場(chang)化(hua)(hua)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)奠定了基礎。可以展(zhan)(zhan)望，隨著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力現貨市場(chang)的(de)進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)完善，調(diao)峰(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和儲能(neng)還(huan)將(jiang)進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步臻(zhen)于(yu)完善，行業(ye)也(ye)將(jiang)逐步迎來爆發(fa)式發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。

釋放清晰價格信號

煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)加快向調峰電(dian)源轉(zhuan)型(xing)，積極助(zhu)力(li)煤(mei)(mei)炭(tan)消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)控制(zhi)。我(wo)國(guo)“十四五(wu)”時(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)嚴(yan)控煤(mei)(mei)炭(tan)消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)增長，“十五(wu)五(wu)”時(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)逐步減少。我(wo)國(guo)電(dian)煤(mei)(mei)消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)占(zhan)煤(mei)(mei)炭(tan)消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)總量(liang)的一半，承擔著控制(zhi)煤(mei)(mei)炭(tan)消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)的重要任務。煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)目(mu)前是也(ye)將長期(qi)(qi)(qi)是電(dian)力(li)系統十分重要的調峰電(dian)源。

“煤(mei)炭(tan)從以往的基(ji)礎性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源向(xiang)調節性(xing)兜(dou)底電(dian)(dian)(dian)源轉(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)，是(shi)實(shi)現保障電(dian)(dian)(dian)力供應(ying)、控(kong)制(zhi)煤(mei)炭(tan)消(xiao)費(fei)‘魚與(yu)熊掌(zhang)’兼得(de)的最優選(xuan)擇，也是(shi)必然選(xuan)擇。”業內人士表示，優化(hua)峰谷分時電(dian)(dian)(dian)價政(zheng)策的出臺十分及時、十分重要，必將(jiang)加快推動煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)轉(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)，在新型(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統中，煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)呈現高(gao)裝(zhuang)機(ji)容量、低(di)利用小時的發(fa)展趨勢，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量及相應(ying)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)煤(mei)消(xiao)費(fei)均將(jiang)得(de)到有效控(kong)制(zhi)。

據悉，文件印發后，國(guo)家發展改(gai)革(ge)委正在(zai)抓緊推動各地(di)落實(shi)，預計在(zai)當前電力迎峰(feng)度夏(xia)高峰(feng)時期就能發揮呈(cheng)現，在(zai)保(bao)障電力供應的同時有(you)效(xiao)減少煤(mei)電發電量，預計煤(mei)炭消費增長(chang)勢頭將得到有(you)效(xiao)遏制，煤(mei)價也(ye)將很快回落到正常水(shui)平(ping)。

長期有利于推進“雙碳”目標實現

近(jin)年(nian)來，我國電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市場上(shang)，用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)荷對氣溫變化(hua)更加敏感，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統負(fu)荷夏(xia)、冬(dong)兩季尖峰(feng)(feng)化(hua)特征日(ri)益突出(chu)(chu)。據統計，各(ge)地(di)夏(xia)季最熱(re)、冬(dong)季最冷時(shi)段(duan)的全年(nian)累計時(shi)間普遍低于(yu)(yu)60個(ge)小時(shi)，但對應的尖峰(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)需求可較平時(shi)高出(chu)(chu)1億千瓦以(yi)上(shang)，保(bao)(bao)障電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統安(an)全穩定運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)面臨(lin)更大挑戰，去(qu)年(nian)以(yi)來部分地(di)方已不得不實(shi)施有序(xu)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。進一步完善分時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價機(ji)制，特別是(shi)優化(hua)峰(feng)(feng)谷電(dian)(dian)(dian)價機(ji)制、出(chu)(chu)臺尖峰(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價機(ji)制，有利于(yu)(yu)充分發揮電(dian)(dian)(dian)價信號作用(yong)(yong)，引導用(yong)(yong)戶錯峰(feng)(feng)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，盡可能少地(di)啟動(dong)有序(xu)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，保(bao)(bao)障電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統安(an)全穩定運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)，降低經濟社會(hui)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)成本(ben)。

根據《2021年能源工作指導意見》，2021年我國煤(mei)炭消費(fei)比重將下降到56%以(yi)下，新增(zeng)電(dian)能替代電(dian)量2000億千瓦時左右，電(dian)能占(zhan)終端(duan)能源消費(fei)比重力(li)爭達到28%左右。

“進(jin)一步完(wan)善分時電(dian)價機制，無(wu)論對短期(qi)保(bao)障電(dian)力安全(quan)穩(wen)定經濟運行、減(jian)少(shao)煤(mei)炭(tan)消(xiao)耗，還是對中長期(qi)實(shi)現碳達(da)峰(feng)、碳中和目(mu)標(biao)都具有(you)積極意義(yi)。”業內人士表示(shi)，優化峰(feng)谷電(dian)價機制，既可(ke)以引導用(yong)(yong)戶實(shi)施(shi)電(dian)能替(ti)代(dai)、改變用(yong)(yong)能習慣和結(jie)構，又可(ke)以促進(jin)以新能源為主的(de)(de)新型電(dian)力系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)供需平衡，減(jian)少(shao)煤(mei)電(dian)發電(dian)量(liang)，降(jiang)低電(dian)力系統(tong)(tong)對煤(mei)炭(tan)的(de)(de)依(yi)賴，對現階段旺盛的(de)(de)煤(mei)炭(tan)需求(qiu)和高企(qi)的(de)(de)煤(mei)炭(tan)價格也(ye)將產生(sheng)重大(da)影響(xiang)。