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我(wo)國(guo)電(dian)源結(jie)構以燃(ran)煤火電(dian)機組為(wei)主，今(jin)后相當一段時間內(nei)還很難改(gai)變(bian)。正是因為(wei)燃(ran)煤機組的(de)重要性，我(wo)國(guo)發電(dian)機組的(de)上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)價(jia)政(zheng)策一直(zhi)以燃(ran)煤機組上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)價(jia)政(zheng)策為(wei)主，歷(li)經(jing)還本付息電(dian)價(jia)、經(jing)營期(qi)電(dian)價(jia)，現為(wei)標桿電(dian)價(jia)政(zheng)策時期(qi)。國(guo)家能源局(ju)2019年全國(guo)電(dian)力工業統計數據(ju)顯示：全國(guo)6000千瓦及以上(shang)電(dian)廠供電(dian)標準煤耗307克。

數據來源：中電聯

一度電里還有70%來自火電

截止2019年底，火(huo)電裝機占到全國總裝機的(de)59%，發電量占到全國總發電量的(de)68%。

2019年，廣(guang)東(dong)、江(jiang)蘇(su)、山(shan)東(dong)省用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量位(wei)居前三，山(shan)東(dong)、內(nei)蒙古、江(jiang)蘇(su)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量位(wei)居前三；廣(guang)東(dong)、浙(zhe)江(jiang)、江(jiang)蘇(su)區(qu)外受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量位(wei)居前三，北京、上海、重慶區(qu)外受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量的比重位(wei)居前三。

表(biao)：2019年各省電力的生產、消(xiao)費量(liang)（單位：億kWh）數據(ju)來源(yuan)：國家統(tong)計局

幾種典型發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組的電(dian)(dian)(dian)價及(ji)成本，燃煤發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組、水電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組、風電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組、光伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組和核電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組。

燃煤發電機組

我國電源(yuan)結構以燃(ran)煤火(huo)電機(ji)組(zu)(zu)為(wei)主，今后相當(dang)一段時間內還很難改變。正是因(yin)為(wei)燃(ran)煤機(ji)組(zu)(zu)的重要性(xing)，我國發電機(ji)組(zu)(zu)的上網電價政策一直以燃(ran)煤機(ji)組(zu)(zu)上網電價政策為(wei)主，歷經還本付息電價、經營(ying)期(qi)電價，現為(wei)標(biao)桿(gan)電價政策時期(qi)。

2019年(nian)(nian)9月26日，國務院常(chang)務會議決定(ding)完善燃(ran)煤(mei)(mei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)上(shang)(shang)網電(dian)價(jia)(jia)形(xing)成機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，從明年(nian)(nian)1月1日1日起，取消煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)聯動(dong)(dong)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，將現行標桿(gan)上(shang)(shang)網電(dian)價(jia)(jia)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，改為“基準價(jia)(jia)+上(shang)(shang)下浮(fu)動(dong)(dong)”的市場化機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)。基準價(jia)(jia)按(an)各地現行燃(ran)煤(mei)(mei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)標桿(gan)上(shang)(shang)網電(dian)價(jia)(jia)確定(ding)，浮(fu)動(dong)(dong)范(fan)圍為上(shang)(shang)浮(fu)不超過(guo)10%、下浮(fu)原則上(shang)(shang)不超過(guo)15%，具(ju)體發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)企業(ye)、售電(dian)公司、電(dian)力用戶(hu)等通過(guo)協(xie)商或競價(jia)(jia)確定(ding)，但明年(nian)(nian)暫不上(shang)(shang)浮(fu)，特(te)別要確保一(yi)般(ban)工商業(ye)平均電(dian)價(jia)(jia)只(zhi)降不升。2018年(nian)(nian)燃(ran)煤(mei)(mei)火電(dian)機(ji)組(zu)分省脫(tuo)硫(liu)標桿(gan)上(shang)(shang)網電(dian)價(jia)(jia)如圖。

數據來源：公開資料

影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)燃煤火電(dian)機(ji)組上網(wang)電(dian)價的因素主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)煤價、工程造(zao)價、年發電(dian)利用小(xiao)時(shi)數、機(ji)組固(gu)定成本(ben)、長期貸款利率(lv)、折舊(jiu)率(lv)等。其中：影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)標(biao)桿上網(wang)電(dian)價水平的三(san)個主(zhu)要(yao)因素，依(yi)次是煤價、工程造(zao)價、年發電(dian)利用小(xiao)時(shi)。不(bu)同時(shi)期、不(bu)同機(ji)組，燃料成本(ben)占(zhan)發電(dian)成本(ben)50%-70%。

水力發電機組

水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)力(li)(li)發電(dian)是(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)能(neng)利用的一(yi)種重(zhong)要方式。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)力(li)(li)發電(dian)通常要修筑擋水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)壩，用以(yi)集(ji)中河段的落差，并形成水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)可以(yi)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節流量(liang)、攔蓄(xu)洪(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。按調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節周(zhou)(zhou)期劃(hua)分，即按水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)一(yi)次蓄(xu)泄(xie)循環的時間來分，包括無調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節、日(ri)(ri)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節、周(zhou)(zhou)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節、年調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節和多(duo)(duo)(duo)年調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節等。無調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節，是(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)沒有調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節庫(ku)(ku)(ku)容，按天然(ran)流量(liang)供水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)；日(ri)(ri)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節，是(shi)(shi)將水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)一(yi)日(ri)(ri)內的均勻來水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，按用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)部門的需(xu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)過程進行調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)中的水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位在(zai)一(yi)晝夜內完(wan)成一(yi)個(ge)循環；周(zhou)(zhou)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節，利用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)將周(zhou)(zhou)內假日(ri)(ri)的多(duo)(duo)(duo)余(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)蓄(xu)存起來，在(zai)其他(ta)工作日(ri)(ri)用，周(zhou)(zhou)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)一(yi)般也同(tong)時進行日(ri)(ri)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節；年調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節，對年內豐(feng)(feng)、枯季(ji)的徑流進行重(zhong)新分配的調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節（季(ji)節性(xing)變化）；多(duo)(duo)(duo)年調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)容很(hen)大，豐(feng)(feng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)年份(fen)(fen)蓄(xu)存的多(duo)(duo)(duo)余(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)，用以(yi)補充枯水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)年份(fen)(fen)的水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)不足。

據2005年(nian)全國(guo)水(shui)力資源復查(cha)結果，我國(guo)大陸水(shui)力資源理論(lun)蘊藏量在1萬千瓦及以(yi)上的河流3886條(tiao)，經(jing)濟可開發裝機容量40180萬千瓦。

我(wo)國水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)上(shang)網(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)政策(ce)呈多樣化格(ge)(ge)局，分為(wei)按經(jing)(jing)營期上(shang)網(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)、標桿(gan)上(shang)網(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)和根(gen)據受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)市場平均上(shang)網(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)倒推定(ding)價(jia)(jia)等。2014年(nian)1月(yue)11日，《國家發展(zhan)改(gai)(gai)革委(wei)關于完善(shan)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)上(shang)網(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)形成機(ji)制的(de)(de)通知》（發改(gai)(gai)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)〔2014〕61號）：對2014年(nian)2月(yue)1日以(yi)后新投(tou)產的(de)(de)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)中(zhong)跨區(qu)跨省域(yu)交易價(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)由供需雙方協商確(que)(que)定(ding)；省內上(shang)網(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)實(shi)行標桿(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)制度，并根(gen)據水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)(xi)統(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)作用，可(ke)(ke)實(shi)行豐枯分時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)或(huo)者(zhe)分類標桿(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)；鼓勵通過(guo)競(jing)爭方式(shi)確(que)(que)定(ding)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)；逐步統(tong)一(yi)(yi)流域(yu)梯級水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)上(shang)網(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)。抽水(shui)蓄能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)特殊的(de)(de)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)，在(zai)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)低谷(gu)(gu)時(shi)用過(guo)剩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力將水(shui)從下水(shui)庫(ku)抽到(dao)上(shang)水(shui)庫(ku)儲存起來，然后在(zai)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)高峰(feng)時(shi)將水(shui)放出(chu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，并使(shi)水(shui)流到(dao)下水(shui)庫(ku)。抽水(shui)蓄能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)是(shi)(shi)解決系(xi)(xi)統(tong)調(diao)峰(feng)、低谷(gu)(gu)之間供需矛盾、保(bao)證新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發展(zhan)而建設的(de)(de)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)，還能(neng)(neng)擔負(fu)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)調(diao)頻、調(diao)相和事故(gu)備用等輔助(zhu)服務功能(neng)(neng)。一(yi)(yi)般認為(wei)，抽水(shui)蓄能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)“4度換(huan)3度”，抽水(shui)時(shi)消耗4度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)只能(neng)(neng)發出(chu)3度，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)認為(wei)轉換(huan)效率75%。基于此，抽水(shui)蓄能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)上(shang)網(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)與其他電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)上(shang)網(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)有根(gen)本區(qu)別(bie)，主(zhu)要有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)經(jing)(jing)營、單(dan)一(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)、兩部制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)、租賃電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)。

2014年(nian)7月31日，《國(guo)家發(fa)展改(gai)革委(wei)關(guan)于完善抽水蓄(xu)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)價格形成(cheng)機制(zhi)有關(guan)問題的通(tong)知》（發(fa)改(gai)價格〔2014〕1763號），進一(yi)步(bu)完善抽水蓄(xu)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)價格形成(cheng)機制(zhi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市場(chang)形成(cheng)前，抽水蓄(xu)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)實行兩部制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價按(an)照合理(li)成(cheng)本加準(zhun)許收益的原則核(he)定。

兩(liang)部制電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)中，容(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)主要(yao)體(ti)現抽(chou)(chou)水(shui)蓄能電(dian)(dian)站提供備用(yong)、調(diao)(diao)頻、調(diao)(diao)相和(he)黑啟動等(deng)輔助服務價(jia)(jia)值，按照(zhao)彌(mi)補抽(chou)(chou)水(shui)蓄能電(dian)(dian)站固定成(cheng)本及準許(xu)收益的原則核定。逐步對新投(tou)產(chan)抽(chou)(chou)水(shui)蓄能電(dian)(dian)站實行標(biao)桿容(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)；電(dian)(dian)量電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)主要(yao)體(ti)現抽(chou)(chou)水(shui)蓄能電(dian)(dian)站通過(guo)抽(chou)(chou)發電(dian)(dian)量實現的調(diao)(diao)峰填(tian)谷(gu)效益。主要(yao)彌(mi)補抽(chou)(chou)水(shui)蓄能電(dian)(dian)站抽(chou)(chou)發電(dian)(dian)損耗等(deng)變動成(cheng)本。電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)水(shui)平按當地燃煤機(ji)組標(biao)桿上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)（含脫硫、脫硝(xiao)、除塵(chen)等(deng)環保電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)）執(zhi)行。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)企業向抽(chou)水蓄(xu)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)提供(gong)的抽(chou)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)量，電(dian)(dian)(dian)價按燃煤機組標桿上網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價的75%執(zhi)行。抽(chou)水蓄(xu)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)容量電(dian)(dian)(dian)費和抽(chou)發損耗納入(ru)當地省級電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)（或(huo)區域電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)）運行費用統一(yi)核算，并作為(wei)銷售電(dian)(dian)(dian)價調(diao)整因素統籌考(kao)慮。

為(wei)推動抽水蓄能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價市(shi)場化，在(zai)具備條件的地區，鼓勵采用招標、市(shi)場競價等方式確定(ding)抽水蓄能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)項(xiang)目(mu)業(ye)主、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量、容量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價、抽水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價和(he)上網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價。當前，正值電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場形成的過渡期，抽水蓄能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)未納(na)入輸配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)定(ding)價成本(ben)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網企業(ye)承擔抽水蓄能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)費(fei)用已力(li)不(bu)從心，抽水蓄能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價市(shi)場化是一個還(huan)需深入研究的課題。

風力發電機組

風電(dian)上(shang)(shang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)歷經初(chu)期(qi)參照燃(ran)煤(mei)電(dian)廠(chang)定價(jia)(jia)(jia)、審批電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)、招(zhao)標(biao)和(he)審批電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)并存、招(zhao)標(biao)加核(he)準方(fang)式、標(biao)桿電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)。當前(qian)，正處于標(biao)桿上(shang)(shang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)向(xiang)平價(jia)(jia)(jia)、低(di)價(jia)(jia)(jia)上(shang)(shang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)過渡。平價(jia)(jia)(jia)上(shang)(shang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)是指與燃(ran)煤(mei)機組(zu)標(biao)桿上(shang)(shang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)平價(jia)(jia)(jia)，不需要國家補貼。低(di)價(jia)(jia)(jia)上(shang)(shang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)是指低(di)于燃(ran)煤(mei)機組(zu)標(biao)桿上(shang)(shang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)。

2019年(nian)(nian)5月(yue)21日，《國(guo)家發展改(gai)革委(wei)關于(yu)(yu)完善風(feng)(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)上(shang)(shang)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)政(zheng)策的(de)通知》（發改(gai)價(jia)(jia)格〔2019〕882號），將(jiang)陸上(shang)(shang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、近(jin)海(hai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)標桿上(shang)(shang)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)改(gai)為(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)導(dao)(dao)價(jia)(jia)，新(xin)核準(zhun)的(de)集中式陸上(shang)(shang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項(xiang)目(mu)、近(jin)海(hai)海(hai)上(shang)(shang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)上(shang)(shang)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)全部(bu)通過競(jing)爭(zheng)方式確(que)(que)定(ding)，不得高于(yu)(yu)項(xiang)目(mu)所(suo)在(zai)資源區指(zhi)(zhi)導(dao)(dao)價(jia)(jia)；潮間帶海(hai)上(shang)(shang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通過競(jing)爭(zheng)方式確(que)(que)定(ding)的(de)上(shang)(shang)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)，不得高于(yu)(yu)項(xiang)目(mu)所(suo)在(zai)資源區陸上(shang)(shang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)指(zhi)(zhi)導(dao)(dao)價(jia)(jia)。2021年(nian)(nian)開始，風(feng)(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項(xiang)目(mu)將(jiang)全面(mian)去補貼(tie)，進入平(ping)價(jia)(jia)時代。

從全生命(ming)周期看(kan)，風電的成本(ben)主要可(ke)以分為機組成本(ben)、建設成本(ben)、運維成本(ben)、人(ren)員成本(ben)與(yu)材料費等。

太陽能發電機組

太陽(yang)能發(fa)(fa)電(dian)分為光伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)（PV)和光熱發(fa)(fa)電(dian)（CSP)。光伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)有(you)集(ji)中(zhong)式的(de)地面(mian)電(dian)站，也有(you)與(yu)建筑物相結合的(de)分布式光伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)項目。

2019年(nian)4月28日，《國家發展改革委(wei)關于完善光(guang)(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)上(shang)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)機制有關問(wen)題的通(tong)知》（發改價(jia)(jia)格〔2019〕761號），將(jiang)集中式光(guang)(guang)伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站標桿上(shang)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)改為指(zhi)(zhi)導價(jia)(jia)，新(xin)增集中式光(guang)(guang)伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站上(shang)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)原則上(shang)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)市場競爭方式確定，不得超過(guo)(guo)所在資(zi)源區指(zhi)(zhi)導價(jia)(jia)。2021年(nian)開(kai)始，除戶用光(guang)(guang)伏以外，光(guang)(guang)伏項目將(jiang)全面去(qu)補貼，進入平(ping)價(jia)(jia)時代。

表：2020年光(guang)伏項(xiang)目指(zhi)導電價（單(dan)位：元(yuan)/kWh）

國家發展改革委核定全國統一的太陽能熱發電（含4小時以上儲熱功能）標桿上網電價為每千瓦時1.15元（含稅），2018年12月31日以前全部投運的太陽能熱發電項目執行上述標桿上網電價。太陽能熱發電上網電價退坡機制尚未確定，考慮太陽能熱發電產業現狀，退坡幅度可能不會太大。

核電機組

我國核電裝機容量比(bi)例(li)相對較小。與一(yi)般火電機組(zu)一(yi)樣，核電成本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)主要由建設(she)成本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)、運維成本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)、燃料(liao)成本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)組(zu)成。核電成本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)還有長期(qi)成本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)有較大下降空間、地域差異不明顯等特點。

由于(yu)核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)技術(shu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)不適宜參(can)與(yu)市場(chang)競爭，2013年(nian)以前(qian)，我國(guo)(guo)(guo)對(dui)核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)基本(ben)實行一(yi)廠(chang)一(yi)價(jia)(jia)(jia)。2013年(nian)6月15日，國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)發展改(gai)革委印發《關(guan)于(yu)完善核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)網電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)機(ji)制(zhi)有關(guan)問題(ti)的通知》（發改(gai)價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)〔2013〕1130號），對(dui)2013年(nian)1月1日以后新建(jian)核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)實行標桿(gan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)網電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)政策（根據目前(qian)核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)社(she)會平均成本(ben)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)力(li)市場(chang)供需狀(zhuang)況(kuang)，核(he)(he)(he)(he)定(ding)全國(guo)(guo)(guo)核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)標桿(gan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)網電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)為每千瓦時(shi)0.43元）；全國(guo)(guo)(guo)核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)標桿(gan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)網電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)高(gao)于(yu)核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)所在地(di)燃(ran)煤機(ji)組(zu)(zu)標桿(gan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)網電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)（含脫(tuo)硫、脫(tuo)硝加(jia)價(jia)(jia)(jia)，下同）的地(di)區(qu)，新建(jian)核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)投產(chan)后執行當地(di)燃(ran)煤機(ji)組(zu)(zu)標桿(gan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)網電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)；對(dui)承擔核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)技術(shu)引進、自主(zhu)創新、重大專項設備國(guo)(guo)(guo)產(chan)化任務的首臺或首批核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)或示范工程，其上(shang)(shang)(shang)網電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)可(ke)適當提(ti)高(gao)。

2020年，各種類型發電項目的電價如上圖所(suo)示。