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鼓勵社(she)會資本(ben)有序投(tou)資、運(yun)營增(zeng)量(liang)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)是我(wo)國(guo)(guo)新一輪電(dian)(dian)(dian)力體(ti)制改革的(de)(de)重要內容之一。合理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)增(zeng)量(liang)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)定(ding)(ding)價(jia)(jia)機(ji)制是實現(xian)合理(li)(li)(li)引導(dao)和促進(jin)社(she)會資本(ben)投(tou)資的(de)(de)關鍵。但目前(qian)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)增(zeng)量(liang)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)定(ding)(ding)價(jia)(jia)機(ji)制尚不明確，交(jiao)(jiao)叉補貼(tie)的(de)(de)存在(zai)(zai)與分(fen)布(bu)式電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)發展(zhan)更(geng)給合理(li)(li)(li)定(ding)(ding)價(jia)(jia)帶來挑戰(zhan)。本(ben)文在(zai)(zai)梳理(li)(li)(li)發達國(guo)(guo)家(jia)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)定(ding)(ding)價(jia)(jia)原(yuan)則，介紹準許收入(ru)法、價(jia)(jia)格上限法和標桿法三(san)(san)種配網(wang)(wang)價(jia)(jia)格形成機(ji)制，總結發達國(guo)(guo)家(jia)分(fen)布(bu)式電(dian)(dian)(dian)源定(ding)(ding)價(jia)(jia)經驗的(de)(de)基(ji)礎上，針對增(zeng)量(liang)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)定(ding)(ding)價(jia)(jia)模式選擇、如何解決(jue)交(jiao)(jiao)叉補貼(tie)和分(fen)布(bu)式電(dian)(dian)(dian)源定(ding)(ding)價(jia)(jia)問題提出(chu)了三(san)(san)條政策建議。

一、引言

2015年3月(yue)，中共中央、國務(wu)(wu)院印發(fa)了《關于進一(yi)(yi)步(bu)深化電(dian)(dian)(dian)力體制改(gai)(gai)革的(de)(de)(de)(de)若干(gan)意見》(中發(fa)[2015]9號(hao))，開(kai)啟了新一(yi)(yi)輪電(dian)(dian)(dian)力體制改(gai)(gai)革的(de)(de)(de)(de)序幕。中發(fa)9號(hao)文對(dui)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)量(liang)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網業(ye)務(wu)(wu)給予明(ming)確支(zhi)持，“鼓勵社會資(zi)本投資(zi)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)業(ye)務(wu)(wu)。按照有(you)(you)(you)利于促進配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網建設(she)發(fa)展和(he)提(ti)高配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)運營效率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求，探(tan)索社會資(zi)本投資(zi)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)業(ye)務(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)效途徑。逐(zhu)步(bu)向(xiang)符合條件的(de)(de)(de)(de)市場主體放開(kai)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)量(liang)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)投資(zi)業(ye)務(wu)(wu)，鼓勵以混合所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制方式發(fa)展配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)業(ye)務(wu)(wu)”。從(cong)“增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)量(liang)”著手(shou)放開(kai)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)業(ye)務(wu)(wu)，這(zhe)是改(gai)(gai)革的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個重要辦法。增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)量(liang)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)業(ye)務(wu)(wu)通過引(yin)入新的(de)(de)(de)(de)業(ye)務(wu)(wu)主體，有(you)(you)(you)利于創新配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網定價(jia)模式，提(ti)高投資(zi)和(he)運行(xing)效率(lv)。同時，增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)量(liang)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)業(ye)務(wu)(wu)還可(ke)以與(yu)分布(bu)式電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)、微電(dian)(dian)(dian)網等技術相結合，提(ti)高可(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)在我(wo)國能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)供給中的(de)(de)(de)(de)占比(bi)，降低CO2的(de)(de)(de)(de)排放和(he)對(dui)化石能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)依賴(lai)度，這(zhe)也(ye)正是我(wo)國能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)政(zheng)策所(suo)倡(chang)導的(de)(de)(de)(de)方向(xiang)。

目(mu)前(qian)，國家發展改革委和國家能源局已確定(ding)(ding)了延慶(qing)智能配(pei)電網等106個項目(mu)為第一批增(zeng)量配(pei)電業(ye)務改革試點。但是目(mu)前(qian)增(zeng)量配(pei)電業(ye)務定(ding)(ding)價還(huan)沒有出(chu)臺細化的指(zhi)導(dao)性意(yi)見。因此，亟(ji)需對增(zeng)量配(pei)電業(ye)務定(ding)(ding)價進行(xing)理論分(fen)析，確定(ding)(ding)增(zeng)量配(pei)電業(ye)務的定(ding)(ding)價原則和方法，以指(zhi)導(dao)實際工作。

二、我國增量配電網配電價定價面臨的挑戰

(一)增量配電網配電定價機制不明確

從2015年新一輪電(dian)(dian)(dian)改開(kai)始(shi)，我國輸(shu)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)改革已經取(qu)得了(le)很(hen)大進(jin)展，出臺了(le)《輸(shu)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)定(ding)(ding)價(jia)(jia)(jia)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)監審(shen)辦法(fa)(試(shi)行(xing))》《省(sheng)(sheng)級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網輸(shu)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)定(ding)(ding)價(jia)(jia)(jia)辦法(fa)(試(shi)行(xing))》兩個重要文(wen)(wen)件(jian)，已經初步(bu)形成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)輸(shu)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)定(ding)(ding)價(jia)(jia)(jia)機制(zhi)和監管框架。省(sheng)(sheng)級(ji)輸(shu)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)按(an)照(zhao)“準許成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)加合(he)理收(shou)益(yi)”的(de)原則定(ding)(ding)價(jia)(jia)(jia)。成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)監審(shen)辦法(fa)主要是審(shen)核電(dian)(dian)(dian)網企業歷史(shi)上(shang)發(fa)生的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)，明確哪(na)些成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)能(neng)進(jin)入(ru)準許成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)的(de)范(fan)圍，哪(na)些支出不能(neng)夠進(jin)入(ru)。定(ding)(ding)價(jia)(jia)(jia)辦法(fa)是在準許成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)基礎上(shang)，考慮未來(lai)的(de)新增投(tou)資，明確哪(na)些投(tou)資能(neng)進(jin)入(ru)準許成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)，如何(he)提取(qu)收(shou)益(yi)。對(dui)于權(quan)益(yi)資本(ben)(ben)回報率以及債(zhai)務(wu)資本(ben)(ben)的(de)回報率怎么定(ding)(ding)，政府投(tou)資、接收(shou)用戶資方投(tou)資的(de)收(shou)益(yi)率如何(he)核定(ding)(ding)，定(ding)(ding)價(jia)(jia)(jia)辦法(fa)通過比較(jiao)統一規(gui)范(fan)的(de)定(ding)(ding)價(jia)(jia)(jia)參數給予規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(文(wen)(wen)華維，2017)。

在《有序放(fang)開配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)業務管(guan)理辦法》中提到，增(zeng)量(liang)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)由所在省(區(qu)、市)價(jia)格主管(guan)部門(men)依(yi)據國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)輸(shu)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)改(gai)革有關規定(ding)制定(ding)，并報(bao)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)發(fa)展改(gai)革委備案(an)。這意味著新增(zeng)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)如(ru)何定(ding)價(jia)雖然可以參考已(yi)經出臺的省級電(dian)(dian)網(wang)輸(shu)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)定(ding)價(jia)辦法，但缺(que)乏可操作(zuo)性。

《辦法》同時還提到，“在(zai)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)格(ge)核定(ding)前，暫按(an)售電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公司(si)或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)用(yong)戶接入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級(ji)對應的(de)(de)(de)省(sheng)級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網共用(yong)網絡輸配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)扣(kou)減該配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網接入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級(ji)對應的(de)(de)(de)省(sheng)級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網共用(yong)網絡輸配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)執行。”但各(ge)地經濟、地理和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網發展水平差(cha)(cha)別較大，以(yi)一(yi)刀切的(de)(de)(de)方式確定(ding)價(jia)格(ge)可能出現(xian)即使增量配(pei)(pei)網以(yi)最高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)效率(lv)(lv)運營，但電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)差(cha)(cha)仍(reng)無法彌補成本的(de)(de)(de)情況。例如，安徽(hui)省(sheng)大部分配(pei)(pei)網是(shi)(shi)10千(qian)伏(fu)的(de)(de)(de)，而有些(xie)園區(qu)本身接入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級(ji)就是(shi)(shi)10千(qian)伏(fu)，沒有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)差(cha)(cha)(曾惠(hui)娟、劉雪松，2017)。由于社(she)會資(zi)本進(jin)入到增量配(pei)(pei)網領域(yu)是(shi)(shi)有盈(ying)利(li)要求的(de)(de)(de)，虧損將降低該領域(yu)對社(she)會資(zi)本的(de)(de)(de)吸引力(li)，不(bu)利(li)于放(fang)大國有資(zi)本和提升電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網效率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)改革初衷。

(二)如何處理與增量配電網相關的交叉補貼問題

長期(qi)以來，我國電價中的(de)交(jiao)叉補(bu)(bu)貼數(shu)額巨(ju)大且(qie)形式(shi)多(duo)樣，包括(kuo)用戶類(lei)型之間、電壓等(deng)級之間和地區之間等(deng)多(duo)種形式(shi)的(de)交(jiao)叉補(bu)(bu)貼。據葉(xie)澤等(deng)(2017)的(de)測算，2016年全國交(jiao)叉補(bu)(bu)貼數(shu)額可達(da)到2072.9億元，一(yi)般工商業和大工業提供的(de)補(bu)(bu)貼程度分別為(wei)10.87%和6.06%，居民作為(wei)最大的(de)被補(bu)(bu)貼方(fang)享受的(de)補(bu)(bu)貼程度為(wei)21.48%。

由于(yu)銷(xiao)售(shou)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)本質上是由發(fa)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)、輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)、配(pei)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)、銷(xiao)售(shou)費(fei)用及其他(ta)稅費(fei)構(gou)成(cheng)的(de)。而發(fa)電(dian)(dian)端和銷(xiao)售(shou)端定價(jia)(jia)(jia)市場化程度較高，發(fa)生的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)叉補貼(tie)(tie)較少，因(yin)此，我(wo)國電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)體系中的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)叉補貼(tie)(tie)主要體現在(zai)輸(shu)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)上。以目前我(wo)國已公布的(de)35kV省級電(dian)(dian)網輸(shu)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)為例(見(jian)圖1)，可看到大工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)輸(shu)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)平均比一(yi)般工(gong)(gong)商業(ye)(ye)低(di)61%，而一(yi)些高耗能(neng)大工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)的(de)輸(shu)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)甚至更低(di)，因(yin)此二者間可能(neng)存(cun)在(zai)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)叉補貼(tie)(tie)。更顯著的(de)應當是發(fa)生在(zai)居民、農業(ye)(ye)用戶(hu)與工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)、工(gong)(gong)商業(ye)(ye)用戶(hu)之間的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)叉補貼(tie)(tie)。雖然(ran)目前沒有對(dui)居民和農業(ye)(ye)用戶(hu)單獨測算(suan)輸(shu)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)，但從其銷(xiao)售(shou)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)可看出(chu)隱含(han)輸(shu)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)低(di)于(yu)實際成(cheng)本。

由于存量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)網中的(de)輸(shu)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)是包含交叉(cha)補(bu)貼(tie)(tie)的(de)，因(yin)此，如果不妥善處理(li)好增量(liang)(liang)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)網價(jia)格(ge)中的(de)交叉(cha)補(bu)貼(tie)(tie)問題，就可能造成(cheng)同(tong)一(yi)地區同(tong)一(yi)電(dian)(dian)壓等級且(qie)同(tong)一(yi)類型(xing)的(de)電(dian)(dian)力用戶(hu)因(yin)為是否接入增量(liang)(liang)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)網而面臨(lin)不同(tong)的(de)交叉(cha)補(bu)貼(tie)(tie)額，這(zhe)將造成(cheng)不公平(ping)的(de)問題。實(shi)現對各(ge)類用戶(hu)公平(ping)收費需首先(xian)摸(mo)清(qing)交叉(cha)補(bu)貼(tie)(tie)情況，將暗補(bu)變為明補(bu)，才能科(ke)學制(zhi)定增量(liang)(liang)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)格(ge)中的(de)交叉(cha)補(bu)貼(tie)(tie)額。

（三)如何應對大量分布式電源和可再生能源接入配電網

隨著傳統(tong)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)供應的日漸緊張(zhang)和環保壓力的日益增(zeng)大，可(ke)(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的開發(fa)利用受到(dao)越來越多的關(guan)注和重視，與之相適應的分(fen)布式(shi)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)術也經歷(li)了(le)快速(su)的發(fa)展(zhan)，配電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)智能(neng)(neng)化勢(shi)在必行(xing)。《可(ke)(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)展(zhan)“十(shi)三五”規劃》提出，到(dao)2020年，全部可(ke)(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機要(yao)達到(dao)6.8億kW，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量達到(dao)1.9萬億kWh，占全部發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量的27%。

大(da)規(gui)模分(fen)(fen)布式電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和(he)可(ke)再生(sheng)能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)接入配(pei)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)、多能互(hu)補項目接入配(pei)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)帶來(lai)的(de)(de)系(xi)統(tong)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)荷一體化會對配(pei)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)產生(sheng)多種影響(鮑虎，2015)，包(bao)括影響配(pei)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)供電(dian)質(zhi)量(liang)、影響配(pei)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)系(xi)統(tong)電(dian)壓(ya)、增(zeng)加網(wang)(wang)損等負面影響。那么配(pei)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)企業是(shi)否應(ying)該(gai)對分(fen)(fen)布式電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)帶來(lai)的(de)(de)輔助(zhu)服務(wu)成本收取相應(ying)的(de)(de)費用?目前《分(fen)(fen)布式電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)并(bing)網(wang)(wang)服務(wu)和(he)管理意見》規(gui)定，分(fen)(fen)布式電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)接入國家電(dian)網(wang)(wang)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)輔助(zhu)服務(wu)費用由(you)國家電(dian)網(wang)(wang)承擔。隨著大(da)規(gui)模分(fen)(fen)布式電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和(he)可(ke)再生(sheng)能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)接入配(pei)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)，應(ying)考慮(lv)對增(zeng)量(liang)配(pei)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)提(ti)供有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)激勵，引導(dao)增(zeng)量(liang)配(pei)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)積(ji)極接入分(fen)(fen)布式電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。

另外(wai)，如(ru)果按照“準(zhun)許成本加合理收益”的(de)(de)原則定(ding)價(jia)，分布式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源通(tong)過直(zhi)接向(xiang)用(yong)戶供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)會減少增(zeng)量配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)內的(de)(de)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量，從而影響準(zhun)許收入的(de)(de)回(hui)收。最后，傳(chuan)(chuan)統配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)只是實現(xian)了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)連(lian)接點傳(chuan)(chuan)送(song)至最終電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)用(yong)戶的(de)(de)單(dan)向(xiang)過程，因(yin)此可用(yong)簡單(dan)的(de)(de)郵票(piao)法對配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)用(yong)進(jin)行(xing)攤(tan)派。分布式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源出現(xian)后，配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)將對區域內的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源和(he)負荷(he)進(jin)行(xing)優化協調，配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)潮流情況將發生(sheng)改變，傳(chuan)(chuan)統的(de)(de)定(ding)價(jia)模式(shi)(shi)面臨挑戰。

三、發達國家配電價定價經驗

發達(da)國家在長期的配(pei)電(dian)網(wang)定價監管實踐中，形(xing)成(cheng)了較(jiao)為成(cheng)熟的監管體系和價格形(xing)成(cheng)機(ji)制(zhi)，其交叉補貼問(wen)題(ti)較(jiao)少，分(fen)布式電(dian)源(yuan)定價經驗較(jiao)為豐富，可供我國借(jie)鑒。

(一)發達國家配電價定價原則

Strbac和Mutale(2005)總結了英國(guo)配(pei)電價(jia)定價(jia)原則:1)經濟效率，配(pei)電價(jia)格反映(ying)用(yong)(yong)戶給配(pei)網帶來的成本;2)未來投(tou)資信號(hao)，鼓勵有效投(tou)資抑制過度投(tou)資;3)滿足收入要(yao)求，使(shi)得(de)配(pei)網能正常運營;4)穩定和可預(yu)測的價(jia)格，使(shi)用(yong)(yong)戶能做出投(tou)資決策;5)價(jia)格制定過程(cheng)透明、可審(shen)計(ji)且具有一致(zhi)性;6)價(jia)格具有可實施性。

澳(ao)大利亞《國(guo)家電(dian)力法》規定(ding)的(de)定(ding)價(jia)原則包括:1)價(jia)格體現(xian)提供配電(dian)服務的(de)長期邊際成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)。2)從同一類(lei)用(yong)戶(hu)收(shou)取(qu)的(de)收(shou)入(ru)應(ying)介(jie)于獨(du)供成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)與(yu)可(ke)(ke)避免成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)之(zhi)間。所(suo)謂獨(du)供成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)是指不(bu)考慮其他用(yong)戶(hu)，單獨(du)為這類(lei)用(yong)戶(hu)新(xin)建網(wang)(wang)絡所(suo)需(xu)的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben);可(ke)(ke)避免成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)是指如果(guo)不(bu)供給這類(lei)用(yong)戶(hu)，電(dian)網(wang)(wang)能節(jie)省的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)。3)向(xiang)個人收(shou)取(qu)的(de)電(dian)費必須(xu)反映(ying)總(zong)有(you)效成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)，允(yun)許配電(dian)網(wang)(wang)回(hui)收(shou)準許收(shou)入(ru)，盡量避免扭曲有(you)效使用(yong)網(wang)(wang)絡的(de)信號。4)配電(dian)網(wang)(wang)運營(ying)商(shang)應(ying)考慮變更價(jia)格目錄(lu)可(ke)(ke)能對消(xiao)費者造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)影響。

新(xin)西(xi)蘭配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)定(ding)(ding)價(jia)(jia)原則如(ru)下:1)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)作為提供服務的(de)(de)(de)經濟(ji)(ji)成(cheng)本信號，除(chu)非(fei)法規規定(ding)(ding)，應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)避免補貼;當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)有限(xian)時，價(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)反映(ying)新(xin)建(jian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)所帶來的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)閑置，應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)降低價(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)增加(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)使(shi)用率。2)在(zai)任(ren)何時候(hou)，價(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)都應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)反映(ying)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)提供服務的(de)(de)(de)可變成(cheng)本，不變成(cheng)本應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)該攤派至(zhi)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)需求彈(dan)性(xing)較小的(de)(de)(de)用戶上。3)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)當考慮(lv)到利益(yi)相關者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)要求和環境。避免消費者(zhe)非(fei)經濟(ji)(ji)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)繞(rao)開;允許利益(yi)相關者(zhe)在(zai)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)和質量(liang)(liang)間進(jin)行權衡取舍或達(da)成(cheng)非(fei)標準化協議;在(zai)網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)經濟(ji)(ji)性(xing)得到保障(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)情況下，鼓勵投資(zi)于(yu)分布式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源和進(jin)行需求側管(guan)理，鼓勵技術(shu)創新(xin)。4)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)當透明、穩定(ding)(ding)，價(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)變動應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)考慮(lv)到對利益(yi)相關者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響。5)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)結(jie)構應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)該盡量(liang)(liang)簡潔以減少交(jiao)易成(cheng)本，對所有零售商(shang)收取的(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)該是(shi)相同的(de)(de)(de)。

不難(nan)看到，發達國家對配(pei)(pei)電價(jia)(jia)定(ding)價(jia)(jia)的原則可以概(gai)括為(wei):1.配(pei)(pei)電價(jia)(jia)格應(ying)當(dang)(dang)反映提供配(pei)(pei)電服(fu)務(wu)的成本(ben)信息，引(yin)導經濟資源(yuan)有效配(pei)(pei)置。2.配(pei)(pei)電價(jia)(jia)格應(ying)當(dang)(dang)使得配(pei)(pei)電運營商能獲取準許收入(ru)，保證配(pei)(pei)電網的可持續運營。3.價(jia)(jia)格應(ying)當(dang)(dang)透明、穩定(ding)、公平、簡潔，不允(yun)許歧(qi)視性定(ding)價(jia)(jia)，盡量減少交叉(cha)補貼。

(二)發達國家配電價格形成機制

發達國家對輸配電企業定價(jia)行為進行監管的常(chang)見方法有(you)以(yi)下(xia)幾種:

1.準許收益法

準(zhun)許(xu)收益(yi)法是一種(zhong)自(zi)下而上確定(ding)(ding)收益(yi)的(de)(de)方法，通過核定(ding)(ding)被(bei)監(jian)管企業(ye)的(de)(de)配電(dian)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)和規(gui)定(ding)(ding)其(qi)可獲取的(de)(de)利(li)潤率確定(ding)(ding)其(qi)利(li)潤和價格(ge)(ge)，使企業(ye)能(neng)回收配電(dian)服務成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)，使投(tou)資者獲取穩定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)收益(yi)，同時防止企業(ye)利(li)用(yong)(yong)壟斷地位對消費(fei)者征收高(gao)額配電(dian)費(fei)，是美(mei)國許(xu)多州的(de)(de)公用(yong)(yong)事業(ye)價格(ge)(ge)監(jian)管部(bu)門所采用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)方法。按照此法，配電(dian)網的(de)(de)準(zhun)許(xu)收入由準(zhun)許(xu)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)、準(zhun)許(xu)收益(yi)和價內稅金三部(bu)分組成(cheng)(cheng)。

在準(zhun)許(xu)(xu)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)的(de)(de)計算(suan)中(zhong)，界(jie)定(ding)(ding)和核定(ding)(ding)有效(xiao)資產的(de)(de)價(jia)值是基礎。實踐(jian)中(zhong)監管者會根據準(zhun)許(xu)(xu)收(shou)(shou)益率(lv)、資產基數和準(zhun)許(xu)(xu)成本確定(ding)(ding)準(zhun)許(xu)(xu)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)，用配(pei)電(dian)總(zong)(zong)準(zhun)許(xu)(xu)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)除以總(zong)(zong)配(pei)電(dian)量可計算(suan)出配(pei)電(dian)價(jia)格水(shui)平(ping)。配(pei)電(dian)價(jia)格將根據實際情況(kuang)進行定(ding)(ding)期(qi)或(huo)不定(ding)(ding)期(qi)調(diao)整(zheng)(zheng)以使實際配(pei)電(dian)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)等于準(zhun)許(xu)(xu)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)。若(ruo)成本出現較大的(de)(de)變化，也可對準(zhun)許(xu)(xu)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)進行調(diao)整(zheng)(zheng)，配(pei)電(dian)價(jia)格相應發(fa)生變化。

2.收入上限法

收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)限(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)是(shi)基于激勵(li)管制理(li)(li)(li)論的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)，在準(zhun)許(xu)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)(de)計算(suan)和電(dian)(dian)價的(de)(de)(de)制定(ding)過程上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)與準(zhun)許(xu)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)法(fa)(fa)并無較大差異，其與準(zhun)許(xu)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)法(fa)(fa)不同的(de)(de)(de)地方(fang)(fang)在于對(dui)成本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)超支和節約(yue)的(de)(de)(de)處理(li)(li)(li)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)。對(dui)于準(zhun)許(xu)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)法(fa)(fa)，合理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)成本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)可以(yi)(yi)記作其收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)，由(you)所有(you)用戶共同承擔(dan)，而(er)對(dui)于收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)限(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)，超出或節約(yue)的(de)(de)(de)成本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)由(you)配網企業自己承擔(dan)。當(dang)(dang)實際(ji)成本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)低于收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)限(xian)(xian)時，配電(dian)(dian)公(gong)司獲(huo)取利潤，而(er)當(dang)(dang)實際(ji)成本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)高(gao)于收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)限(xian)(xian)時配電(dian)(dian)公(gong)司要(yao)承擔(dan)虧損，這樣配電(dian)(dian)公(gong)司便有(you)降低成本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)激勵(li)。英國和澳大利亞采用的(de)(de)(de)便是(shi)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)限(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)。英國規定(ding)在一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)監(jian)管周期(qi)(qi)內，收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)限(xian)(xian)遵循p1=p0(1+RPI-x)的(de)(de)(de)形式，即(ji)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)限(xian)(xian)P1由(you)約(yue)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)基期(qi)(qi)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)P0、通(tong)貨膨脹率(lv)RPI和生產(chan)率(lv)因(yin)素x確(que)定(ding)，直到下一個監(jian)管周期(qi)(qi)再重新設定(ding)參數。收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)限(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)存在的(de)(de)(de)問題在于:當(dang)(dang)下一個監(jian)管周期(qi)(qi)來臨時，配電(dian)(dian)公(gong)司有(you)動力增加(jia)實際(ji)成本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)以(yi)(yi)避(bi)免(mian)新周期(qi)(qi)里收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)限(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)減(jian)少;對(dui)固定(ding)資(zi)產(chan)投(tou)資(zi)和創新性投(tou)資(zi)提(ti)供的(de)(de)(de)激勵(li)較弱，有(you)必要(yao)拉長監(jian)管周期(qi)(qi)(可長達(da)5～8年)和給予額外(wai)(wai)的(de)(de)(de)激勵(li);此外(wai)(wai)，收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)限(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)對(dui)提(ti)高(gao)供電(dian)(dian)質量和服務質量方(fang)(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)激勵(li)很有(you)限(xian)(xian)，因(yin)此有(you)必要(yao)配合以(yi)(yi)供電(dian)(dian)可靠性上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)約(yue)束。

3.標桿法

Schleifer(1985)較早對(dui)(dui)標(biao)(biao)(biao)桿(gan)(gan)競爭進(jin)行了理論(lun)闡釋，這(zhe)種方法(fa)(fa)(fa)用行業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)或(huo)一組企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)平均成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)而非(fei)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)自(zi)身的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)作(zuo)為(wei)制(zhi)定(ding)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)價格的(de)依據，顯著地降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)了信息(xi)(xi)不對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)問(wen)題。各(ge)個企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)彼(bi)此(ci)的(de)標(biao)(biao)(biao)桿(gan)(gan)對(dui)(dui)象，監(jian)管(guan)者(zhe)通(tong)過比較各(ge)個企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)信息(xi)(xi)以(yi)確(que)(que)定(ding)所有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)可(ke)(ke)(ke)獲(huo)得(de)的(de)收入水平。標(biao)(biao)(biao)桿(gan)(gan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)能提供降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)的(de)激勵，當某企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)了成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)而其他(ta)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)沒(mei)有(you)(you)降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)時，該企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)將(jiang)獲(huo)得(de)收益，反之，如果(guo)該企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)沒(mei)有(you)(you)降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)而其他(ta)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)了成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)，則該企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)會遭(zao)受(shou)損失(shi)。標(biao)(biao)(biao)桿(gan)(gan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)很少(shao)單獨使用，而經(jing)常與(yu)價格上限或(huo)收益率監(jian)管(guan)相(xiang)配(pei)合。英國有(you)(you)14家(jia)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)公司，因此(ci)監(jian)管(guan)機構可(ke)(ke)(ke)在配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)公司之間(jian)進(jin)行成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)和績(ji)效的(de)橫向比較，以(yi)確(que)(que)定(ding)各(ge)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)可(ke)(ke)(ke)獲(huo)取的(de)最高收入，進(jin)而控制(zhi)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價格。瑞典也(ye)在配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價格監(jian)管(guan)中(zhong)采用了標(biao)(biao)(biao)桿(gan)(gan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。但標(biao)(biao)(biao)桿(gan)(gan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)缺點在于(yu)各(ge)個企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)可(ke)(ke)(ke)能是高度異質(zhi)的(de)，因而可(ke)(ke)(ke)能不存在現實意義(yi)上的(de)標(biao)(biao)(biao)桿(gan)(gan)價格，同時企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)也(ye)可(ke)(ke)(ke)達成(cheng)(cheng)合謀，導致(zhi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)桿(gan)(gan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)失(shi)效。

(三)發達國家對分布式電源的定價實踐

各個國家的配(pei)電網運(yun)營商對分布式電源(yuan)的定價政策(ce)各異，但(dan)歸(gui)納(na)起來(lai)涉及(ji)如下要素:

1.收費模式:

深層收(shou)(shou)(shou)費(fei)(fei)(deepging)、淺層收(shou)(shou)(shou)費(fei)(fei)(shallowging)和(he)(he)混合(he)收(shou)(shou)(shou)費(fei)(fei)。所謂深層收(shou)(shou)(shou)費(fei)(fei)是(shi)指向分(fen)布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)收(shou)(shou)(shou)取一(yi)次(ci)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)預付款(kuan)，用(yong)于彌補接(jie)(jie)入配電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)所帶來的(de)(de)(de)所有成(cheng)本(ben)，包括接(jie)(jie)網(wang)(wang)費(fei)(fei)以及配電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)所有升級改造(zao)成(cheng)本(ben)。而在淺層收(shou)(shou)(shou)費(fei)(fei)下分(fen)布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)只(zhi)需支付專用(yong)接(jie)(jie)網(wang)(wang)資產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)，其他升級改造(zao)成(cheng)本(ben)則通(tong)過向全(quan)體用(yong)戶征收(shou)(shou)(shou)系(xi)統使用(yong)費(fei)(fei)來回(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)。混合(he)收(shou)(shou)(shou)費(fei)(fei)模(mo)式(shi)則介(jie)于兩者(zhe)之間。英國14個(ge)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)運營商，既有執行(xing)深層收(shou)(shou)(shou)費(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de)也(ye)有執行(xing)淺層和(he)(he)混合(he)收(shou)(shou)(shou)費(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de);美國各州對分(fen)布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)均(jun)采取深層收(shou)(shou)(shou)費(fei)(fei)模(mo)式(shi)，荷蘭對于小電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠采取淺層收(shou)(shou)(shou)費(fei)(fei)模(mo)式(shi)(尤培(pei)培(pei)，2015)。

2.收費靈活度:

可協商(shang)(shang)的還是標準化(hua)的。大的分(fen)(fen)布式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源對(dui)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)網具有較大影響(xiang)，往(wang)往(wang)有與配電(dian)(dian)(dian)網協商(shang)(shang)確(que)(que)定最合適收(shou)費(fei)方案的需求，而(er)(er)小的分(fen)(fen)布式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源則為節省交易成(cheng)本更(geng)樂于接受標準化(hua)方案。各國在收(shou)費(fei)靈活度上不同，澳大利亞新南威爾士州(zhou)的靈活度較高，允許大的分(fen)(fen)布式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源與配電(dian)(dian)(dian)網運(yun)營(ying)商(shang)(shang)進行協商(shang)(shang)以確(que)(que)定成(cheng)本或分(fen)(fen)享收(shou)益(yi)，而(er)(er)歐盟則更(geng)偏(pian)向標準化(hua)收(shou)費(fei)方案。

3.上網電價機制:

凈(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)計(ji)量(liang)(liang)(liang)還(huan)是(shi)購銷(xiao)分(fen)(fen)開計(ji)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。所謂凈(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)計(ji)量(liang)(liang)(liang)是(shi)指用(yong)戶的(de)(de)發電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)可以抵扣其(qi)(qi)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，按(an)凈(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)結(jie)算費用(yong)，其(qi)(qi)隱含的(de)(de)上網電(dian)(dian)價等于(yu)銷(xiao)售電(dian)(dian)價。美國(guo)大(da)部分(fen)(fen)電(dian)(dian)力公司(si)均采用(yong)此計(ji)算方法。但是(shi)凈(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)計(ji)量(liang)(liang)(liang)加重(zhong)了非分(fen)(fen)布式(shi)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)用(yong)戶的(de)(de)固定(ding)(ding)成本分(fen)(fen)攤責任，造成交叉補貼問(wen)題(ti)。而購銷(xiao)分(fen)(fen)開計(ji)量(liang)(liang)(liang)是(shi)指用(yong)戶從電(dian)(dian)網接(jie)入的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)和向電(dian)(dian)網注(zhu)入的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)分(fen)(fen)別按(an)照不同的(de)(de)價格(ge)進行(xing)結(jie)算，而后(hou)者(zhe)的(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)價機(ji)制在(zai)各國(guo)也各不相同。例如，德國(guo)要(yao)求電(dian)(dian)力公司(si)以固定(ding)(ding)費率購買經營區(qu)內的(de)(de)可再生能(neng)源(yuan)或(huo)CHP電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，而新西蘭的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)布式(shi)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)則需(xu)與零售商協(xie)商確定(ding)(ding)上網定(ding)(ding)價。

四、關于我國增量配電網配電價定價的建議

(一)鼓勵多樣化的定價模式

增量(liang)(liang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網如(ru)何(he)確定配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)可(ke)以參考已經出臺的(de)省級電(dian)(dian)(dian)網輸(shu)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)定價(jia)辦法(fa)，但也要考慮到(dao)增量(liang)(liang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網與現有輸(shu)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)差(cha)異性，包括(kuo)受到(dao)新(xin)技術和新(xin)業(ye)態的(de)沖擊、可(ke)能采取(qu)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)售一(yi)體化的(de)商(shang)業(ye)模式以及引入的(de)社會(hui)資本的(de)盈利性需求(qiu)等，使得(de)增量(liang)(liang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)定價(jia)不能完全照搬(ban)現有省級輸(shu)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)定價(jia)機制。各試點情況差(cha)異較大，定價(jia)機制不應(ying)該(gai)一(yi)刀切，應(ying)允(yun)許一(yi)定程度的(de)差(cha)異化配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網定價(jia)，包括(kuo)準許成本加合理收益(yi)法(fa)、標桿法(fa)和競爭方法(fa)等都(dou)可(ke)以考慮使用(yong)。

增(zeng)量配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)定(ding)價(jia)應滿足(zu)以(yi)(yi)下要(yao)求(qiu):保證電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)能(neng)以(yi)(yi)低(di)廉的價(jia)格(ge)(ge)享受高質量的配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)服務;保障配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)運營商(shang)可(ke)(ke)持續經(jing)營，并激勵其努(nu)力(li)(li)降低(di)成本(ben);配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)格(ge)(ge)應反映各(ge)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)對配(pei)(pei)(pei)網(wang)(wang)(wang)成本(ben)的貢獻，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)能(neng)合(he)理地(di)選擇配(pei)(pei)(pei)網(wang)(wang)(wang)接入點，優化(hua)配(pei)(pei)(pei)網(wang)(wang)(wang)運行效(xiao)率(lv)。在符合(he)上述要(yao)求(qiu)的前提下，配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)格(ge)(ge)制定(ding)過程可(ke)(ke)因(yin)地(di)制宜，配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)成本(ben)分(fen)攤方案(an)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)多(duo)樣化(hua)，既可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)按照配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量來分(fen)配(pei)(pei)(pei)成本(ben)，也可(ke)(ke)按照配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)最大峰荷時(shi)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)的容量需求(qiu)來分(fen)配(pei)(pei)(pei)成本(ben)，既可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)郵票法，也可(ke)(ke)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)包(bao)括節點定(ding)價(jia)法等(deng)在內的諸多(duo)方法。

(二)公平處理交叉補貼因素

需進一(yi)步厘清(qing)各類(lei)用(yong)戶的交(jiao)叉補(bu)貼(tie)情況(kuang)，并(bing)(bing)將之內化(hua)在(zai)公網輸(shu)電價中，在(zai)此基礎上(shang)疊加配(pei)電價格，形成(cheng)合(he)理的輸(shu)配(pei)電價格體系。增(zeng)量配(pei)電網作為全社(she)會(hui)電力(li)服務(wu)(wu)體系的一(yi)個(ge)組(zu)成(cheng)部分，也(ye)應該承(cheng)擔(dan)相關的電力(li)普遍(bian)服務(wu)(wu)的社(she)會(hui)責(ze)任(ren)，并(bing)(bing)通過(guo)適(shi)當(dang)的渠(qu)道和機制得(de)到(dao)補(bu)償。增(zeng)量配(pei)電網的電力(li)用(yong)戶所承(cheng)擔(dan)或享受的交(jiao)叉補(bu)貼(tie)應與省級電網輸(shu)配(pei)電體系中的情況(kuang)保持一(yi)致(zhi)，避(bi)免用(yong)戶為了逃避(bi)交(jiao)叉補(bu)貼(tie)而(er)選擇接(jie)入增(zeng)量配(pei)電網的制度套利(li)情況(kuang)發生(sheng)。

為(wei)(wei)進(jin)一步闡釋上(shang)述公平性原則，現舉例進(jin)行說(shuo)明。假設某(mou)增(zeng)量(liang)(liang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電網將在(zai)35kV電壓(ya)等級為(wei)(wei)工業(ye)用戶提供(gong)電量(liang)(liang)Q1和在(zai)220V電壓(ya)等級為(wei)(wei)居民提供(gong)電量(liang)(liang)Q2。而在(zai)省(sheng)級電網輸配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電體系中，工業(ye)用戶是(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)叉補(bu)貼(tie)的(de)提供(gong)方，其獲取(qu)輸配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電服務的(de)成本(ben)為(wei)(wei)a1(元/kWh)，實際繳納(na)的(de)輸配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電價為(wei)(wei)a2，且a1b2。因此，該增(zeng)量(liang)(liang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電網電力用戶實際應(ying)承(cheng)擔的(de)凈交(jiao)(jiao)叉補(bu)貼(tie)責(ze)任為(wei)(wei)(a2-a1)*Q1-(b1-b2)*Q2。增(zeng)量(liang)(liang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電網應(ying)向省(sheng)級電網繳納(na)上(shang)述交(jiao)(jiao)叉補(bu)貼(tie)額，其準許收入相應(ying)上(shang)調，并(bing)將交(jiao)(jiao)叉補(bu)貼(tie)責(ze)任分(fen)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)至工業(ye)用戶和對居民提供(gong)補(bu)貼(tie)。

(三)探索分布式電源和增量配電網協同發展的定價模式

我國(guo)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)發(fa)展尚(shang)處在起步階段，因(yin)而合理的(de)收(shou)(shou)費(fei)(fei)(fei)模式(shi)對(dui)(dui)其發(fa)展非常重(zhong)要，過重(zhong)的(de)收(shou)(shou)費(fei)(fei)(fei)可能(neng)會(hui)增(zeng)加分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)財務困難。因(yin)此，入(ru)網(wang)費(fei)(fei)(fei)、固定成(cheng)本(ben)分(fen)(fen)攤(tan)費(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)減免(mian)政(zheng)策在其發(fa)展初期有(you)利于分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)推廣應用(yong)。但(dan)這種淺層收(shou)(shou)費(fei)(fei)(fei)方案削(xue)弱(ruo)了提供給分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源接入(ru)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)位置價格(ge)信(xin)號，可能(neng)導致(zhi)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源非經濟性接入(ru)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)，最終提高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)用(yong)戶(hu)的(de)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)本(ben)。因(yin)此，應承認(ren)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源接入(ru)給配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)成(cheng)本(ben)與(yu)收(shou)(shou)益帶來的(de)沖擊，在未來合適的(de)時機考慮(lv)對(dui)(dui)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)中的(de)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源制定合理的(de)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統使用(yong)費(fei)(fei)(fei)、配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)接入(ru)費(fei)(fei)(fei)和(he)輔助服(fu)務費(fei)(fei)(fei)，體現其成(cheng)本(ben)分(fen)(fen)攤(tan)責(ze)任(ren)。

對(dui)分(fen)布式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)進行(xing)成本(ben)分(fen)攤可(ke)(ke)考慮郵(you)票法和源(yuan)流分(fen)析法(孫(sun)軼環，2015)，收(shou)費(fei)的(de)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)既可(ke)(ke)采取一(yi)次性收(shou)費(fei)方式(shi)(shi)也(ye)可(ke)(ke)采用逐年收(shou)費(fei)的(de)方式(shi)(shi)，需根據各地(di)實際情(qing)況確定。科學合理的(de)定價模(mo)式(shi)(shi)應(ying)使得(de)分(fen)布式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)輸入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量與(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)用戶接出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)行(xing)為能(neng)(neng)與(yu)(yu)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網最優(you)運(yun)行(xing)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)相契合，其大(da)體(ti)應(ying)滿(man)足以(yi)下特(te)征:對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)需求旺(wang)盛(sheng)地(di)區的(de)分(fen)布式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)征收(shou)的(de)費(fei)用應(ying)低于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)需求微弱的(de)地(di)區;對(dui)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過剩地(di)區的(de)分(fen)布式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)征收(shou)的(de)費(fei)用應(ying)高于(yu)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不足地(di)區;對(dui)于(yu)某些(xie)能(neng)(neng)降低配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網投資成本(ben)的(de)分(fen)布式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)加(jia)以(yi)補償;對(dui)于(yu)顯著增加(jia)配網升級改(gai)造成本(ben)的(de)分(fen)布式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)可(ke)(ke)令其承擔主要(yao)成本(ben)。

此外，增量配電公司還應(ying)向分布(bu)式電源披(pi)露電力輸入擁(yong)擠段(duan)的具體位(wei)(wei)置，與分布(bu)式電源達成緩解擁(yong)擠的方案，鼓(gu)勵(li)分布(bu)式電源根據電力需求(qiu)的位(wei)(wei)置就近安(an)置，使(shi)得在最大化推廣可再生能源使(shi)用率的同時降低(di)配電網運行成本。